Abstract
Harmful algal blooms negatively impact water quality in hypereutrophic systems that are common in aquaculture. However, few algaecides are approved for use in food-fish aquaculture. This study assessed the effectiveness of seven products, including hydrogen peroxide (as a concentrated liquid or in granular form (PAK-27)), peracetic acid (as VigorOx SP-15 and Peraclean), copper (as copper sulfate in unchelated (powder) or chelated (Captain) forms), and a clay-based product (as Phoslock) on phytoplankton (including cyanobacteria) and zooplankton biomass. Each product was tested in a 14-day laboratory and 35-day field experiment to assess their short- and long-term performance. Although some products (i.e., copper-based and liquid hydrogen peroxide) quickly reduced phytoplankton, effects were short-lived given that chlorophyll concentrations returned to starting concentrations within 21 days. In contrast, all but one product (i.e., concentrated liquid hydrogen peroxide) maintained low phycocyanin concentrations for 35 days. Zooplankton biomass trends showed large, negative effects for most algaecides; however, zooplankton rebounded for most treatments except for copper-based products. In general, copper-based products remain the most efficient and cheapest choice to reduce total phytoplankton biomass in aquaculture systems. However, peracetic acid-based products effectively and quickly reduced cyanobacteria while having marginal effects on beneficial algae and zooplankton. Such algaecides could be effective alternatives to copper-based products for aquaculture farmers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Change history
09 August 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15753-x
References
Barrington DJ, Reichwaldt ES, Ghadouani A (2013) The use of hydrogen peroxide to remove cyanobacteria and microcystins from waste stabilization ponds and hypereutrophic systems. Ecol Eng 50:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.024
Bishop WM, Richardson RJ (2018) Influence of Phoslock® on legacy phosphorus, nutrient ratios, and algal assemblage composition in hypereutrophic water resources. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:4544–4557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0832-2
Bishop WM, Lynch CL, Willis BE, Cope WG (2017) Copper-based aquatic algaecide adsorption and accumulation kinetics: influence of exposure concentration and duration for controlling the cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 99:365–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2134-2
Bosma RH, Verdegem MCJ (2011) Sustainable aquaculture in ponds: principles, practices and limits. Livest Sci 139:58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.017
Boyd CE, Shelton JL (1984) Observations on the hydrology and morphometry of ponds on the Auburn University fisheries research unit. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 558:1–64. https://aurora.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/11200/2478/1737BULL.pdf;sequence=1. Accessed 28December 2020
Boyd CE, Prather EE, Parks RW (1975) Sudden mortality of a massive phytoplankton bloom. Weed Sci 23(1):61–67 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4042459. Accessed 28 December 2020
Chislock M, Doster E, Zitomer RA, Wilson AE (2013a) Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and controls in aquatic ecosystems. Nature. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-causes-consequences-and-controls-in-aquatic-102364466/. Accessed 9 Oct 2020
Chislock MF, Sarnelle O, Olsen BK, Doster E, Wilson AE (2013b) Large effects of consumer offense on ecosystem structure and function. Ecology 94:2375–2380. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0320.1
De Schamphelaere KAC, Vasconcelos FM, Tack FMG et al (2004) Effect of dissolved organic matter source on acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1248–1255. https://doi.org/10.1897/03-184
Dionigi CP, Lawlor TE, McFarland JE, Johnsen PB (1993) Evaluation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol on the histidine dependence of TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. Water Res 27(11):1615–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(93)90125-2
Drábková M, Admiraal W, Marsálek B (2007) Combined exposure to hydrogen peroxide and light-selective effects on cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms. Environ Sci Technol 41:309–314. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060746i
Edmondson WT (1959) Freshwater biology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 1248
Envirotech Chemicals (2003) Control of pond algae utilizing peracetic acid. Envirotech. http://envirotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Control-Pond-Algae.pdf/ Accessed 9 Oct 2020
Farnsworth-Lee L, Baker LA (2000) Conceptual model of aquatic plant decay and ammonia toxicity for shallow lake. J Environ Eng 126(3):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:3(199)
Greenfield DI, Duquette A, Goodson A, Keppler CJ, Williams SH, Brock LM, Stackley KD, White D, Wilde SB (2014) The effects of three chemical algaecides on cell numbers and toxin content of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaenopsis sp. Environ Manag 54:1110–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0339-2
Gross A, Boyd CE (1998) A digestion procedure for the simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in pond water. J World Aquacult Soc 29:300–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00650.x
Hanson T (2003) Economic impact of off-flavor to the US catfish industry. In: Rimando AM, Schrader, KK (ed) Off-flavors in aquaculture. ACS Publications, pp 13–29. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2003-0848.ch002/ Accessed 9 Oct 2020
Jones GJ, Orr PT (1994) Release and degradation of microcystin flowing algicide treatment of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a recreational lake, as determined by HPLC and protein phosphatase inhibition assay. Water Res 28(4):871–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90093-0
Jüttner F, Watson SB (2007) Biochemical and ecological control of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in source waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(14):4395–4406. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02250-06
Kansole MMR, Lin TF (2017) Impacts of hydrogen peroxide and copper sulfate on the control of Microcystis aeruginosa and MC-LR and the inhibition of MC-LR degrading bacterium Bacillus sp. Water 9(255). https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040255
Kasinak JM, Holt BM, Chislock MF, Wilson AE (2014) Benchtop fluorometry of phycocyanin as a rapid approach for estimating cyanobacterial biovolume. J Plankton Res 37:248–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu096
Latifi A, Ruiz M, Zhang CC (2008) Oxidative stress in cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33:258–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00134.x
Laughinghouse DH IV, Berthold DE, Bishop WM (2020) Approaches to managing cyanobacterial blooms and altering water quality. Aquatics: Florida Aquatic Plant Manag Soc 42:13–16
Liu XG, Zhao JJ, Wu QY (2005) Oxidative stress and metal ions effects on the cores of phycobilisomes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEBS Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.020
Liu D, Straus DL, Pedersen LF, Meinelt T (2015) Comparison of the toxicity of wofasteril peracetic acid formulations E400, E250, and Lspez to Daphnia magna, with emphasis on the effect of hydrogen peroxide. N Am J Aquac 77:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2014.976682
Lu G, Song X, Yu Z, Cao X (2017) Application of PAC-modified kaolin to mitigate Prorocentrum donghaiense: effects on cell removal and phosphorus cycling in a laboratory setting. J Appl Phycol 29:917–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0992-3
Lürling M, Tolman Y (2010) Effects of lanthanum and lanthanum-modified clay on growth, survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Water Res 44:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.034
Malbrouck C, Kestemont P (2006) Effects of microcystins on fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:72–86. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-029R.1
McIntosh AW, Kevern NR (1974) Toxicity of copper to zooplankton. J Environ Qual 3:166–170. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300020018x
Mikula P, Zezulka S, Jancula D, Marsalek B (2012) Metabolic activity and membrane integrity changes in Microcystis aeruginosa – new findings on hydrogen peroxide toxicity in cyanobacteria. Eur J Phycol 47(3):195–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2012.687144
Murray-Gulde CL, Heatley JE, Schwartzman AL, Rodgers JH Jr (2002) Algicidal effectiveness of clearigate, cutrine-plus, and copper sulfate and margins of safety associated with their use. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1135-1
Pan G, Chen J, Anderson DM (2011) Modified local sands for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms. Harmful Algae 10:381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.01.003
Pinheiro JC, Bates DM, DebRoy SS, Sarkar D (2020) Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme . Accessed 28 Aug 2020
Reichwaldt ES, Zheng L, Barrington DJ, Ghadouani A (2012) Acute toxicological response of Daphnia and Moina to hydrogen peroxide. J Environ Eng 138:607–611. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000508
Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury J et al (1979) Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 111:1–61. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-111-1-1
Sartory D, Grobbelaar J (1984) Extraction of chlorophyll a from freshwater phytoplankton for spectrophotometric analysis. Hydrobiologia 114:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031869
Schrader KK, Tucker CS, Hanson TR, Gerard P, Kingsbury S, Rimando A (2005) Management of musty off-flavor in channel catfish from commercial ponds with weekly applications of copper sulfate. N Am J Aquac 67(2):138–147. https://doi.org/10.1577/A04-051.1
Schrader KK, Tucker CS, Brown TW, Whitis GN (2018) Earthy and musty off-flavor episodes in catfish split-pond aquaculture systems. N Am J Aquac 80:26–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10005
Sinha A, Eggleton M, Lochmann R (2018) An environmentally friendly approach for mitigating cyanobacterial bloom and their toxins in hypereutrophic ponds: Potentiality of a newly developed granular hydrogen peroxide-based compound. Sci Total Environ 637–638:524–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.023
Tucker CS, Schrader KK (2020) Off-flavors in pond-grown ictalurid catfish: Causes and management options. J World Aquacult Soc 51:7–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12672
Tucker CS, Hanson TR, Kingsbury SK (2005) Management of Off-flavors in pond-cultured channel catfish with weekly applications of copper sulfate. N Am J Aquac 63:118–130. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0118:MOOFIP>2.0.CO;2
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2003) Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for Diuron. https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/diuron_red-2.pdf. Accessed 28 December 2020
Van Oosterhout F, Lürling M (2013) The effect of phosphorus binding clay (Phoslock®) in mitigating cyanobacterial nuisance: a laboratory study on the effects on water quality variables and plankton. Hydrobiologia 710:265–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1206-x
Viriyatum R, Boyd CE (2016) Slow-release coated copper sulfate as an algicide for aquaculture. J World Aquacult Soc 47:667–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12331
Yang Z, Buley RP, Fernandez-Figueroa EG, Barros MUG, Rajendran S, Wilson AE (2018) Hydrogen peroxide treatment promotes chlorophytes over toxic cyanobacteria in a hyper-eutrophic aquaculture pond. Environ Pollut 240:590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.012
Zepp RG, Faust BC, Hoigne J (1992) Hydroxyl radical formation in aqueous reactions (pH 3-8) of iron(II) with hydrogen peroxide: the photo-Fenton reaction. Environ Sci Technol 26:313–319. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00026a011
Zimba P, Khoo L, Carmichael W, Gaunt P (2000) Confirmation of catfish mortalities resulting from microcystin produced during Microcystis blooms. J Phycol 36:72–73. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.00001-215.x
Acknowledgements
We thank the members of the Wilson laboratory for their assistance and two anonymous reviewers who provided suggestions that improved an earlier version of this manuscript. We thank SePRO, Evonik, and PeroxyChem for their financial and/or product support. This study was supported by NSF grant DBI-1658694 and USDA grant 2017-70007-27132, the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, and a small gift from SePRO.
Funding
This study was supported by NSF grant DBI-1658694 and USDA grant 2017-70007-27132, the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, and a small gift from SePRO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: RPB and AEW; methodology: RPB, CA, AEW; formal analysis and investigation: RPB, CA, APB, EGFF, MFG, BG, and AEW; writing—original draft preparation: RPB, APB, EGFF, MFG, and AEW; writing—review and editing: RPB, CA, APB, EGFF, MFG, BG, and AEW; funding acquisition: AEW; resources: AEW; supervision: AEW.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This research followed the guidelines provided by Auburn University for ethical research. Consent to participate was not applicable for this study.
Consent for publication
N/A
Competing interests
The two peracetic acid-based products used in this study were provided by Evonik (Peraclean®) and PeroxyChem (VigorOx®). Partial financial support in the form of an unrestricted gift was provided by SePRO prior to the start of this study.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(PPTX 268 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Buley, R.P., Adams, C., Belfiore, A.P. et al. Field evaluation of seven products to control cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 29971–29983 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12708-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12708-0