Abstract
Trophic status in surface waters has been mostly monitored by measuring soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP). Additional to these common parameters, a two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-IC-MS) method was used to simultaneously measure soluble phosphate (Pi), pyrophosphate (PPi), and eleven phosphate-containing metabolites (P-metabolites) in Lake Ontario and its tributaries. From the additional P species, PPi, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), glucose 6-phosphate (G-P), D-fructose 6-phosphate (F-P), D-fructose 1,6-biphosphate (F-2P), D-ribulose 5-phosphate (R-P), D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (R-2P), and D-(-)-3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) were detected and quantified in the lake and river samples. The additional multivariate statistical analysis identified similarities between samples collected at different locations. The presence of R-P, R-2P, and F-2P in Lake Ontario tributaries seems to be mainly related to the Calvin cycle, while the lack of all these three P-metabolites and higher PGA levels than G-P in Toronto Harbour samples seems to be the result of depleted Calvin cycle, pentose phosphate, and glycolysis metabolic pathways.
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Andrew Laursen (Ryerson University) for helpful recommendations in manuscript preparation. Stefanie Maedler (MECP) is thanked for manuscript suggestions. Hany Eskander, Shelly Chan, Andrew Senyi, Carlos Jurado, Sajid Feeroze, and Mark Duric (MECP) are thanked for the analysis of additional parameters by accredited methods.
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Vlastimil Packa: resources, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing–original draft. Todd Howell: conceptualization, resources, writing–review and editing. Vadim Bostan: conceptualization, supervision, resources, writing–review and editing. Vasile Furdui: conceptualization, supervision, visualization, writing–review and editing.
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Additional information about analytical methods of Pi, TP, and sulfate, MDLs for species, schematic of the 2D-IC configuration and Pi loss (%) in samples spiked 48 h after collection are available at https://doi.... (DOCX 382 kb)
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Packa, V., Howell, T., Bostan, V. et al. Phosphorus-based metabolic pathway tracers in surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 29498–29508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12697-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12697-0