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Optimization of mycoremediation treatment for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal from domestic effluent using wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum (WSGL)

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Abstract

The fungi-based technology, wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum (WSGL) as myco-alternative to existing conventional microbial-based wastewater treatment is introduced in this study as a potential alternative treatment. The mycoremediation is highly persistent for its capability to oxidatively breakdown pollutant substrates and widely researched for its medicinal properties. Utilizing the nonhazardous properties and high degradation performance of WSGL, this research aims to optimize mycoremediation treatment design for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal in domestic wastewater based on proposed Model 1 (temperature and treatment time) and Model 2 (volume of pellet and treatment time) via response surface methodology (RSM). Combined process variables were temperature (0C) (Model 1) and the volume of mycelial pellets (%) (Model 2) against treatment time (hour). Response variables for these two sets of central composite design (CCD) were the removal efficiencies of COD (%) and AN (%). The regression line fitted well with the data with R2 values of 0.9840 (Model 1-COD), 0.9477 (Model 1-AN), 0.9988 (Model 2-COD), and 0.9990 (Model 2-AN). The lack of fit test gives the highest value of sum of squares equal to 9494.91 (Model 1-COD), 9701.68 (Model 1-AN), 23786.55 (Model 2-COD), and 13357.02 (Model 2-AN), with probability F values less than 0.05 showing significant models. The optimized temperature for Model 1 was at 25 °C within 24 h of treatment time with 95.1% COD and 96.3% AN removals. The optimized condition (temperature) in Model 1 was further studied in Model 2. The optimized volume of pellet for Model 2 was 0.25% in 24-h treatment time with 76.0% COD and 78.4% AN removals. Overall, the ascended sequence of high volume of pellet considered in Model 2 will slow down the degradation process. The best fit volume of pellet with maximum degradation of COD and AN is equivalent to 0.1% at 25 °C in 24 h. The high performance achieved demonstrates that the mycoremediation of G. lucidum is highly potential as part of the wastewater treatment system in treating domestic wastewater of high organic loadings.

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Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof Emeritus Dr. Bohari Yamin for the great assistance, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) for providing the financial support for this study via the Dana Impak Perdana (DIP-2018-016) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme under MoE (FRGS/1/2018/TK01/UKM/02/4).

Funding

This work was supported by the University Kebangsaan Malaysia via University Grant (DIP-2018-016) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme under MoE (FRGS/1/2018/TK01/UKM/02/4).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Silambarasi Mooralitharan, Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah & Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar

  2. Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan

  3. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Hassimi Abu Hasan

  4. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    Henriette S. Jensen

  5. Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar

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  1. Silambarasi Mooralitharan
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  2. Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah
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  3. Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan
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  4. Hassimi Abu Hasan
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  7. Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
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Contributions

Silambarasi Mooralitharan and Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah conducted the experiments, prepared the figures, and wrote main manuscript text. Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan edited the manuscript and rearranged the contents. Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar prepared the main framework of the overall experiments and reviewed the manuscript text. Hassimi Abu Hasan and Henriette Stokbro Jensen proofread the full manuscript. Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar wrote and reviewed the Ganoderma culture in the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar.

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Mooralitharan, S., Hanafiah, Z.M., Manan, T.S.B.A. et al. Optimization of mycoremediation treatment for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal from domestic effluent using wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum (WSGL). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 32528–32544 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12686-3

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