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Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements in three mangrove species and human health risk due to their ethnobotanical uses

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess probabilistic human health risk due to ethnobotanical usage of Avicennia officinalis, Porteresia coarctata and Acanthus ilicifolius. The study was conducted at the tannery outfall near Sundarban (Ramsar wetland, India) mangrove ecosystem  affected by potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Total metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were considerably higher in the polluted rhizosphere namely, Cd (1.05–1.97), Cu (36.3–38.6), Cr (144–184), Hg (0.04–0.19), Mn (163–184), Ni (37.7–46.4), Pb (20–36.6), and Zn (97–104). Ecological risk index indicated low to moderate ecological risk in this site, whereas the ecological risk factor showed high potential ecological risk due to Cd pollution. BCR Sequential extraction of metals showed more exchangeable fraction of Cd (47–55%), Cr (9–13%), Hg (11–13%), and Pb (11–15%), at the polluted site. Mercury, though present in trace amount in sediment, showed the highest bioaccumulation in all the three plants. Among the toxic trio, Hg showed the highest bioaccumulation in A. officinalis, Cd in P. coarctata but Pb has the lowest bioaccumulation potential in all the three species. Occasional fruit consumption of A. officinalis and dermal application of leaf, bark of A. officinalis (antimicrobial), A. ilicifolius (anti-inflammatory, pain reliever when applied on wounds) indicated negligible human health risk. However, long-term consumption of P. coarctata (wild rice variety) seeds posed health risk (THQ>1) both in adults and children age groups. This study concludes that nature of ethnobotanical use and metal contamination levels of the mangrove rhizosphere can impact human health. The transfer process of potentially toxic elements from rhizosphere to plants to human body should be considered while planing pollution mitigation measures.

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The raw data is available with authors and rest are presented in the manuscript and supplementary materials.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Tagore Society for Rural Development (Kolkata, India), and O.P. Jindal Global University for their support, laboratory facilities and other resources provided to conduct this research work. This work was funded by Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad and Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) through institutional full-time doctoral research fellowship (2013DR0015) grant to the first author. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and constructive suggestions aimed at improvement of this article.

Funding

The first and second author have received institutional fellowship from Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India for this study.

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  1. Abhiroop Chowdhury and Aliya Naz have equal contribution.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment & Sustainability, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131001, India

    Abhiroop Chowdhury

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

    Abhiroop Chowdhury, Aliya Naz & Subodh Kumar Maiti

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  1. Abhiroop Chowdhury
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Contributions

A.C. Responsible for designing of research question, sampling, analysis, interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript. A.N. Taken part in sequential extraction of PTEs from sediment samples and using human health risk assessment tools to interpret the results. A.N. has equal contribution as the first author. S.K.M. Is responsible for guidance, providing laboratory facilities, supervision of analysis and interpretation of results. The final manuscript and authorship sequence have been approved by all the authors before submission.

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Correspondence to Abhiroop Chowdhury.

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Chowdhury, A., Naz, A. & Maiti, S.K. Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements in three mangrove species and human health risk due to their ethnobotanical uses. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33042–33059 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12566-w

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