Abstract
This study investigated the coagulation performance of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) for leachate treatment and preparation of titanium oxide (TiO2) from generated sludge through calcination process at different temperatures and times. TiCl4 with chitosan as coagulant aid employed to perform coagulation process on Alor Ponhsu Landfill leachate. Further calcination process was done to synthesize TiO2 from produced sludge for photocatalytic applications. The studied factors included pH, TiCl4 dosage, and chitosan dosage. The results indicated that maximum reduction in suspended solids was 92.02% at pH 4, 1200 mg/L TiCl4, and 250 mg/L chitosan addition, and maximum reduction in chemical oxygen demand was 71.92% at experimental condition of 1200 mg/L TiCl4 and 500 mg/L chitosan with pH 10. The maximum and minimum band gaps of prepared TiO2 achieved at 3.35 eV and 2.75 eV, respectively. Morphology and phase analysis of prepared TiO2 characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectrums showed the anatase phase at lower calcination temperature and the rutile phase at elevated temperature. The photocatalysis activity of produced TiO2 investigated under UV irradiation and showed almost fast degradation similar to commercial TiO2. The results indicated that TiO2 powder was successfully prepared from generated sludge from TiCl4 coagulation for photocatalytic applications.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This study was financially supported in terms of experimental procedure and data analysis by the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) of Malaysia, and Ministry of Education of Malaysia (MOE). The USM research grant was entitled Geran Bridging #304/PBAHAN/6316116. The MOHE research grant was the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) #203/PBAHAN/6071364 and the MOE research grant was the Prototype Development Research Grant Scheme (PRGS) #203/PBAHAN/6740065.
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SAR and HAZ developed the work and participated in all stages of the manuscript construction. MRA performed the photocatalysis experiments, assisted in the analysis of coagulation and calcination experiments, as well as statistical data analysis with major contribution in writing the manuscript. FA performed the calcination experiments and collected the data. TYM performed the coagulation experiments and collected the data. SFR assisted in the coagulation experiments and analysis of laboratory procedures. ARM assisted in the analysis of the photocatalysis data and performed the review as well as final editing of the manuscript. All authors participated in the writing and approval of the manuscript.
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Rezaei Ardani, M., Azwina, F., Wern, T.Y. et al. Characterization of titanium oxide optical band gap produced from leachate sludge treatment with titanium tetrachloride. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 17587–17601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12097-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12097-w