Abstract
Residues of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) were a novel source for the synthesis of the acid heterogeneous catalyst applied in the conversion of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. Yield of activated carbon (AC) and catalyst (CAT), as well as density of SO3H groups and total acidity, was analyzed in an entirely random designed experiment using multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc test. Time, temperature, dosage of KOH, and ratio of H2SO4/AC were the predictor variables with 3 levels each, at a significance level of α = .05. A significant yield variation portion of AC was explained by the experimental factors (R2 = .891, F (3, 23) = 62.9, p < .0001), as did the yield of CAT (R2 = .960, F (3, 23) = 185.7, p < .0001), density of SO3H (R2 = .969, F (3, 23) = 242.2, p < .0001), and total acidity (R2 = .973, F (3, 23) = 280.6, p < .0001). Levels of time (p = .001) and KOH dosage (p = .006) were significant to the yield of AC, and temperature levels were not influent on density of SO3H (p = .731) or total acidity (p = .762). CAT showed a SBET of 249 m2 g−1, Vpore of 0.104 cm3 g−1, low crystallinity, high thermal stability, and a mesoporous amorphous structure. Optimized catalytic tests resulted in 89% conversion of WCO and 11 cycles of reuse, better than pure H2SO4 or pure KOH (p < .0001) and also better than many biomass-derived catalysts reported in the literature.
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Great appreciation goes to State University of Maranhao – UEMA, Brazil, and State University of Tocantina Region of Maranhao – UEMASUL, Brazil.
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This work was supported by State University of Maranhao – UEMA, Brazil (grant information: Internal Public Notice N° 0001/2018 – PPG/UEMA).
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DGZ conceptualized the study, performed the experiments and data curation, conducted all the formal statistical analyses and their validations, and also wrote the original draft. JDO supervised the formal statistical analyses, provided lab and staff resources, and helped reviewing and editing the original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zavarize, D.G., de Oliveira, J.D. Brazilian açaí berry seeds: an abundant waste applied in the synthesis of carbon-based acid catalysts for transesterification of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 21285–21302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12054-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12054-7