Abstract
Mussels are widely used to monitor trace element pollution, but the role of their sex and sexual maturation in the element accumulation was not comprehensively studied and the number of elements under consideration never exceeded three dozen. In this work, concentrations of 67 elements in different tissues of females and males of the Mediterranean mussel are determined. Statistically significant differences are obtained in the element composition of analogous tissues of mussel males and females and in gonads of the same sex at different sexual maturation stages. The significantly higher concentrations of some elements found in gonads of females (Mn, Zn, As) and males (P) at most of the sexual maturation stages suggest essentiality of these elements in the reproduction. Elements exhibit several accumulation patterns in gonads during the ripening, with the most general one being the accumulation after spawning. Indications of a new phenomenon of circulation of most elements in gonads over the reproductive cycle are obtained, with the element concentrations decreasing at the first two stages and increasing at the posterior stages. Principal component analysis shows that the differences in the element accumulation are mainly due to the element uptake pathways and sexual differentiation. The most important identified factors determining the decrease in concentrations of tissue elements are their redistribution over mussel’s body, biomass dilution, sequestration, and release with gametes. Five detected non-overlapping clusters of the non-normalized element concentrations in the pooled mussel tissues are associated with macroelements, two groups of trace elements, and two groups of ultratrace elements.
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Data Availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The ICP-MS analysis has been performed at the Spectrometry and Chromatography core facility at IBSS RAS.
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The work has received financial support within the governmental research assignments AAAA-A18-118021350003-6 and AAAA-A19-119060690014-5.
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SVK wrote the initial draft, edited the final version of the manuscript, and contributed to the ICP-MS and data analysis. NVK carried out the field work, sex and sexual maturation stage discrimination, and preparation of tissue samples. NIB prepared analytical samples and contributed to the ICP-MS analysis. VIR conceived the idea and developed the research design. LLK contributed to the data analysis.
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Kapranov, S.V., Karavantseva, N.V., Bobko, N.I. et al. Sex- and sexual maturation-related aspects of the element accumulation in soft tissues of the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. collected off coasts of Sevastopol (southwestern Crimea, Black Sea). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 21553–21576 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12024-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12024-z