Abstract
This work deals with the theoretical approach of biodegradability, lipophilicity, and physiological activity of VAL and four degradation products (DPs) detected after 20 min of the photo-electro-Fenton (PEF) process. The biodegradability calculation, taking into account the change in the theoretical oxygen demand, showed that the four DPs had a more negative value than VAL, indicating that they are more susceptible to oxidation. However, these results do not imply more accessible biotransformation pathways than VAL, as observed using the EAWAG-BBD program, through which neutral biotransformation pathway prediction for VAL and DPs was made. Subsequently, by calculating the theoretical lipophilicity of the molecules (log P), the theoretical toxicity of the DPs was proposed, where the DPs had log P values between 1 and 3, lower values than those of VAL (log P = 4), indicating that DPs could be less toxic than the original compound (VAL). Both results suggest that VAL degradation (by photo-electro-Fenton process proposed) yields a positive effect on the environment. Finally, when molecular dynamic simulations were carried out, it was observed that DP1, DP2, and DP3 maintained similar interactions to those of VAL with the binding site of the AT1R. DP4 did not show any interaction. These results indicated that, despite the presence of DPs, generated after 20 min of the treatment, they could not exert a physiological activity in any organism the same way that does VAL.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
References
Adamek E, Baran W, Sobczak A (2016) Photocatalytic degradation of veterinary antibiotics: biodegradability and antimicrobial activity of intermediates. Process Saf Environ Prot 103:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.015
Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Thomaidis NS, Xu J (2017) Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. J Hazard Mater 323:274–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045
Ahsan MJ, Choupra A, Sharma RK, Jadav SS, Padmaja P, Hassan MZ, Al-Tamimi ABS, Geesi MH, Bakht MA (2018) Rationale design, synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and molecular docking studies of 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogues. Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem 18:121–138. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666170419124702
Amiri M (2017) On the occasion of world hypertension day 2017; hypertension in hyperparathyroidism. Geriatría Persia 1:1–2
Baker JR, Milke MW, Mihelcic JR (1999) Relationship between chemical and theoretical oxygen demand for specific classes of organic chemicals. Water Res 33:327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00231-0
Barhoumi N, Oturan N, Olvera-Vargas H, Brillas E, Gadri A, Ammar S, Oturan MA (2016) Pyrite as a sustainable catalyst in electro-Fenton process for improving oxidation of sulfamethazine. Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity assessment. Water Res 94:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.042
Barrios-Ziolo LF, Gaviria-Restrepo LF, Agudelo EA, Gallo SAC (2015) TECNOLOGÍAS PARA LA REMOCIÓN DE COLORANTES Y PIGMENTOS PRESENTES EN AGUAS RESIDUALES. Dyna 82:118–126. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n191.42924
Bayer A, Asner R, Schüssler W, Kopf W, Weiß K, Sengl M, Letzel M (2014) Behavior of sartans (antihypertensive drugs) in wastewater treatment plants, their occurrence and risk for the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:10830–10839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3060-z
Benito A, Penadés A, Lliberia JL, Gonzalez-Olmos R (2017) Degradation pathways of aniline in aqueous solutions during electro-oxidation with BDD electrodes and UV/H2O2 treatment. Chemosphere 166:230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.105
Bijlsma L, Botero-Coy AM, Rincón RJ, Peñuela GA, Hernández F (2016) Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ 565:984–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078
Botero-Coy AM, Martínez-Pachón D, Boix C, Rincón RJ, Castillo N, Arias-Marín LP, Manrique-Losada L, Torres-Palma R, Moncayo-Lasso A, Hernández F (2018) An investigation into the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in Colombian wastewater. Sci Total Environ 642:842–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.088
Brito C d N, da Silva DR, Garcia-Segura S, de Moura DC, Martínez-Huitle CA (2015) Indirect electrochemical oxidation of reactive blue 19 dye as a model organic substrate: role of anode material and oxidants electrochemically generated. J Electrochem Soc 163:E62–E69. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0191603jes
Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V (2017) SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep 7:42717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
del Rosario Brunetto M, Contreras Y, Clavijo S, Torres D, Delgado Y, Ovalles F, Ayala C, Gallignani M, Estela JM, Martin VC (2009) Determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan by direct injection of human urine into a column-switching liquid chromatographic system with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.015
Desbiolles F, Malleret L, Tiliacos C, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Laffont-Schwob I (2018) Occurrence and ecotoxicological assessment of pharmaceuticals: is there a risk for the Mediterranean aquatic environment? Sci Total Environ 639:1334–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.351
Ding K, Kong X, Wang J, Lu L, Zhou W, Zhan T, Zhang C, Zhuang S (2017) Side chains of parabens modulate antiandrogenic activity: in vitro and molecular docking studies. Environ Sci Technol 51:6452–6460. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00951
Dodd MC, Shah AD, von Gunten U, Huang C-H (2005) Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents with aqueous chlorine: reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and transformation pathways. Environ Sci Technol 39:7065–7076. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050054e
Ellis LB, Wackett LP (2012) Use of the University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database for study of microbial degradation. Microb Inform Exp 2:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-5783-2-1
Ellis LBM, Gao J, Fenner K, Wackett LP (2008) The University of Minnesota pathway prediction system: predicting metabolic logic. Nucleic Acids Res 36:W427–WW32. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn315
Fan F, Warshaviak DT, Hamadeh HK, Dunn RT (2019) The integration of pharmacophore-based 3D QSAR modeling and virtual screening in safety profiling: a case study to identify antagonistic activities against adenosine receptor, A2A, using 1,897 known drugs. PLoS One 14:e0204378. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204378
Ganiyu, Soliu O, Nihal Oturan, Stéphane Raffy, Marc Cretin, Roseline Esmilaire, Eric van Hullebusch, Giovanni Esposito, and Mehmet A Oturan. 2016. Sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide (Ti4O7) as a suitable ceramic anode for electrooxidation of organic pollutants: a case study of kinetics, mineralization and toxicity assessment of amoxicillin. Water Res 106: 171–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.056
García-Espinoza JD, Mijaylova-Nacheva P, Avilés-Flores M (2018) Electrochemical carbamazepine degradation: effect of the generated active chlorine, transformation pathways and toxicity. Chemosphere 192:142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.147
Godoy AA, Kummrow F, Pamplin PAZ (2015) Occurrence, ecotoxicological effects and risk assessment of antihypertensive pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment--a review. Chemosphere 138:281–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.024
Gómez-Canela C, Miller TH, Bury NR, Tauler R, Barron LP (2016) Targeted metabolomics of Gammarus pulex following controlled exposures to selected pharmaceuticals in water. Sci Total Environ 562:777–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.181
Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Botero-Coy A-M, Bade R, Bustos-López MC, Rincón J, Moncayo A, Bijlsma L (2015) LC-QTOF MS screening of more than 1,000 licit and illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater and surface waters from the area of Bogotá, Colombia. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:6405–6416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8796-x
Barrera Herrera, July Andrea, Adriana Janneth Espinosa, and Juan Pablo Álvarez. 2019. Contaminación en el Lago de Tota, Colombia: toxicidad aguda en Daphnia magna (Cladocera: Daphniidae) e Hydra attenuata (Hydroida: Hydridae). Revista de Biología Tropical 67. doi:https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i1.33573.
Hiltunen TP, Donner KM, Sarin A-P, Saarela J, Ripatti S, Chapman AB, Gums JG et al (2015) Pharmacogenomics of hypertension: a genome-wide, placebo-controlled cross-over study, using four classes of antihypertensive drugs. J Anc Hist Archaeol 4:e001521. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001521
Hongwei Y, Zhanpeng J, Shaoqi S (2004) Anaerobic biodegradability of aliphatic compounds and their quantitative structure biodegradability relationship. Sci Total Environ 322:209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.009
Hongyan L, Zexiong Z, Xie S, He X, Zhu Y, Haiyun L, Zhongsheng Y (2019) Study on transformation and degradation of bisphenol A by Trametes versicolor laccase and simulation of molecular docking. Chemosphere 224:743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.143
Jojoa-Sierra SD, Silva-Agredo J, Herrera-Calderon E, Torres-Palma RA (2017) Elimination of the antibiotic norfloxacin in municipal wastewater, urine and seawater by electrochemical oxidation on IrO2 anodes. Sci Total Environ 575:1228–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.201
Jurowski K, Krzeczkowska MK, Jurowska A (2015) Approaches to determining the oxidation state of nitrogen and carbon atoms in organic compounds for high school students. J Chem Educ 92:1645–1652. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed500645v
Kern S, Fenner K, Singer HP, Schwarzenbach RP, Hollender J (2009) Identification of transformation products of organic contaminants in natural waters by computer-aided prediction and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 43:7039–7046. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901979h
Khan AH, Kim J, Sumarah M, Macfie SM, Ray MB (2017) Toxicity reduction and improved biodegradability of benzalkonium chlorides by ozone/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process. Sep Purif Technol 185:72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.010
Klosterhaus SL, Richard G, Coreen Hamilton M, Yee D (2013) Method validation and reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and alkylphenols in surface waters, sediments, and mussels in an urban estuary. Environ Int 54:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.009
Kong X, Wu Z, Ren Z, Guo K, Hou S, Hua Z, Li X, Fang J (2018) Degradation of lipid regulators by the UV/chlorine process: radical mechanisms, chlorine oxide radical (ClO•)-mediated transformation pathways and toxicity changes. Water Res 137:242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.004
Kovacevic V, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ (2018) Evaluation of Daphnia magna metabolic responses to organic contaminant exposure with and without dissolved organic matter using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 164:189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.006
Li J, Luo G, He LJ, Xu J, Lyu J (2018) Analytical approaches for determining chemical oxygen demand in water bodies: a review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 48:47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2017.1370670
Libralato G, Minetto D, Lofrano G, Guida M, Carotenuto M, Aliberti F, Conte B, Notarnicola M (2018) Toxicity assessment within the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation technologies: a review. Sci Total Environ 621:85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.229
Liu H, Zhang B, Li Y, Fang Q, Hou Z, Tian S, Junjie G (2020) Effect of radical species and operating parameters on the degradation of sulfapyridine using a UV/chlorine system. Ind Eng Chem Res 59:1505–1516. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06228
Lutosławski K, Cibis E, Krzywonos M, Ryznar-Luty A (2020) Continuous biodegradation of sugar beet distillery stillage in an aerobic stirred-tank reactor: the effect of hydraulic retention time. Pol J Environ Stud 29:2743–2752. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/110039
Lutterbeck CA, Wilde ML, Baginska E, Leder C, Machado ÊL, Kümmerer K (2016) Degradation of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil by UV and simulated sunlight treatments: assessment of the enhancement of the biodegradability and toxicity. Environ Pollut 208:467–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.016
Mannhold R, Poda GI, Ostermann C, Tetko IV (2009) Calculation of molecular lipophilicity: state-of-the-art and comparison of log P methods on more than 96,000 compounds. J Pharm Sci 98:861–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21494
Martínez-Pachón D, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Torres-Palma RA, Moncayo-Lasso A (2018) Photo-electro-Fenton process applied to the degradation of valsartan: effect of parameters, identification of degradation routes and mineralization in combination with a biological system. J Environ Chem Eng 6:7302–7311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.015
Martínez-Pachón D, Espinosa-Barrera P, Rincón-Ortíz J, Moncayo-Lasso A (2019) Advanced oxidation of antihypertensives losartan and valsartan by photo-electro-Fenton at near-neutral pH using natural organic acids and a dimensional stable anode-gas diffusion electrode (DSA-GDE) system under light emission diode (LED) lighting. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:4426–4437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2645-3
Melnikov F, Kostal J, Voutchkova-Kostal A, Zimmerman JB, Anastas PT (2016) Assessment of predictive models for estimating the acute aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals. Green Chem 18:4432–4445. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC00720A
Moreira FC, Boaventura RAR, Brillas E, Vilar VJP (2017) Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: a review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters. Appl Catal B Environ 202:217–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.037
Naidu R, Jit J, Kennedy B, Arias V (2016) Emerging contaminant uncertainties and policy: the chicken or the egg conundrum. Chemosphere 154:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.110
Noguera-Oviedo K, Aga DS (2016) Lessons learned from more than two decades of research on emerging contaminants in the environment. J Hazard Mater 316:242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.058
Oller I, Malato S, Sánchez-Pérez JA (2011) Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination--a review. Sci Total Environ 409:4141–4166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.061
Oropesa AL, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Espejo A, Gravato C, Beltrán F (2017) Oxidative stress responses of Daphnia magna exposed to effluents spiked with emerging contaminants under ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24:1735–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7881-9
Oyasowo O, Fadare O, Olawuni JI, Adeyanju MM, Obuotor EM (2018) Estimation of the kinetic parameters of the inhibition of tyrosinase by an extract of s. mombin (root bark) and the investigation of likely interactions of composite phytochemicals using molecular docking calculations. Am J Polym Sci 6:13–18. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajps-6-1-3
Padmanabhan S, Caulfield M, Dominiczak AF (2015) Genetic and molecular aspects of hypertension. Circ Res 116:937–959. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303647
Papageorgiou M, Kosma C, Lambropoulou D (2016) Seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Central Greece. Sci Total Environ 543:547–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.047
Polo AMS, López-Peñalver JJ, Sánchez-Polo M, Rivera-Utrilla J, Velo-Gala I, Salazar-Rábago JJ (2016) Oxidation of diatrizoate in aqueous phase by advanced oxidation processes based on solar radiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 319-320:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.12.009
Prajapati, Pintu, Dhara Bhayani, and Priti Mehta. 2020. Development and validation of a stability indicating UHPLC method for sacubitril/valsartan complex in the presence of impurities and degradation products. J Appl Pharm Sci https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2020.102015.
Qin H-L, Shang Z-P, Jantan I, Tan OU, Hussain MA, Sher M, Bukhari SNA (2015) Molecular docking studies and biological evaluation of chalcone based pyrazolines as tyrosinase inhibitors and potential anticancer agents. Royal Soc Chem 5:46330–46338
Razmilic V, Castro JF, Andrews B, Asenjo JA (2018) Analysis of metabolic networks of Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii C34 by means of a genome scale model: prediction of modifications that enhance the production of specialized metabolites. Biotechnol Bioeng 115:1815–1828. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26598
Sági G, Bezsenyi A, Kovács K, Klátyik S, Darvas B, Székács A, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Takács E, Wojnárovits L (2018) Radiolysis of sulfonamide antibiotics in aqueous solution: Degradation efficiency and assessment of antibacterial activity, toxicity and biodegradability of products. Sci Total Environ 622-623:1009–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.065
Salazar C, Contreras N, Mansilla HD, Yáñez J, Salazar R (2016) Electrochemical degradation of the antihypertensive losartan in aqueous medium by electro-oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode. J Hazard Mater 319:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.009
Serna-Galvis EA, Jojoa-Sierra SD, Berrio-Perlaza KE, Ferraro F, Torres-Palma RA (2017) Structure-reactivity relationship in the degradation of three representative fluoroquinolone antibiotics in water by electrogenerated active chlorine. Chem Eng J 315:552–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.062
Serna-Galvis EA, Isaza-Pineda L, Moncayo-Lasso A, Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Torres-Palma RA (2019a) Comparative degradation of two highly consumed antihypertensives in water by sonochemical process. Determination of the reaction zone, primary degradation products and theoretical calculations on the oxidative process. Ultrason Sonochem 58:104635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104635
Serna-Galvis EA, Montoya-Rodríguez D, Isaza-Pineda L, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Moncayo-Lasso A, Torres-Palma RA (2019b) Sonochemical degradation of antibiotics from representative classes-considerations on structural effects, initial transformation products, antimicrobial activity and matrix. Ultrason Sonochem 50:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.012
Shahid SMA, Kausar MA, Khalid MA, Tewari S, Alghassab TA, Acar T, Ahmed MQ, Alenazi FSH (2018) Analysis of binding properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through in silico molecular. J Exp Zool India 21:559–563
Shelley JC, Cholleti A, Frye LL, Greenwood JR, Timlin MR, Uchimaya M (2007) Epik: a software program for pK (a) prediction and protonation state generation for drug-like molecules. J Comput Aided Mol Des 21:681–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10822-007-9133-z
Shin J, Song Y, Jeong Y, Cho B-K (2016) Analysis of the core genome and pan-genome of autotrophic acetogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol 7:1531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01531
Szabó L, Mile V, Kiss DJ, Kovács K, Földes T, Németh T, Tóth T et al (2018) Applicability evaluation of advanced processes for elimination of neurophysiological activity of antidepressant fluoxetine. Chemosphere 193:489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.047
Velásquez, Margarita, Juan Drosos, Carlos Gueto, Johana Márquez, and Ricardo Vivas-Reyes. 2013. AutoDock–PM6 method to choose the better pose in molecular docking studies. Rev Colomb Quím 42.
Wang L, Yan F (2018) Trans and cis conformations of the antihypertensive drug valsartan respectively lock the inactive and active-like states of angiotensin II type 1 receptor: a molecular dynamics study. J Chem Inf Model 58:2123–2130. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00364
Wang XH, Yu Y, Huang T, Qin WC, Su LM, Zhao YH (2016a) Comparison of toxicities to Vibrio fischeri and fish based on discrimination of excess toxicity from baseline level. PLoS One 11:e0150028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150028
Wang, Ying, Chanchan Shen, Manman Zhang, Bo-Tao Zhang, and Yan-Ge Yu. 2016b. The electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin using a SnO 2 -Sb/Ti anode: influencing factors, reaction pathways and energy demand. Chem Eng J https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.093.
Wicker J, Fenner K, Ellis L, Wackett L, Kramer S (2010) Predicting biodegradation products and pathways: a hybrid knowledge- and machine learning-based approach. Bioinformatics 26:814–821. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq024
Wildman SA, Crippen GM (1999) Prediction of physicochemical parameters by atomic contributions. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 39:868–873. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci990307l
Wu Z, Fang J, Xiang Y, Shang C, Li X, Meng F, Yang X (2016) Roles of reactive chlorine species in trimethoprim degradation in the UV/chlorine process: kinetics and transformation pathways. Water Res 104:272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.011
Zhang H, Unal H, Desnoyer R, Han GW, Patel N, Katritch V, Karnik SS, Cherezov V, Stevens RC (2015) Structural basis for ligand recognition and functional selectivity at angiotensin receptor. J Biol Chem 290:29127–29139. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.689000
Acknowledgement
The authors thank MINCIENCIAS COLOMBIA (formerly known as COLCIENCIAS) for funding through project No. 123384467057 (contract 818-2019 - Call 844-2019).
Funding
This work was funded by the MINCIENCIAS COLOMBIA (formerly known as COLCIENCIAS) through project no. 123384467057 (contract 818-2019 - Call 844-2019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Paula Espinosa-Barrera: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review &and editing.
Carlos Delgado-Vargas: methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing.
Diana Martínez-Pachón: conceptualization, writing-review and editing, resources, funding acquisition.
Alejandro Moncayo-Lasso: conceptualization, writing-review and editing, resources, funding acquisition.
All authors agreed with the content and all gave explicit consent to submit and they obtained consent from the responsible authorities at the institute/organization where the work has been carried out before the work is submitted.
All authors whose names appear on the submission
1) made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the creation of new software used in the work;
2) drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content;
3) approved the version to be published; and
4) agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Declarations
ESPR-D-20-09603R1 (Using Computer Tools for the Evaluation of Biodegradability, Toxicity, and Activity on the AT1 Receptor of Degradation Products Identified in the Removal of Valsartan by Using Photo-Electro-Fenton Process).
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Vítor Pais Vilar
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOCX 2141 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Espinosa-Barrera, P.A., Delgado-Vargas, C.A., Martínez-Pachón, D. et al. Using computer tools for the evaluation of biodegradability, toxicity, and activity on the AT1 receptor of degradation products identified in the removal of valsartan by using photo-electro-Fenton process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 23984–23994 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11949-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11949-9