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Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 14009–14017 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to explore the role of globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey while controlling energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. To achieve this objective, we employ dual adjustment approach. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the method offers another path to the cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The findings clearly reveal that (i) in the long run, globalization impacts ecological footprint positively and (ii) trade openness reduces ecological footprint in the short run, while ecological footprint is negatively affected by GDP growth in both the short and the long run. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that in order to improve the environmental quality, Turkey should adopt such policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Moreover, the government should take necessary steps to diversify the overall energy mix toward renewable energy.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the World Bank.

Notes

  1. Middle East and North Africa countries

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Author information

Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Banking and Finance, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10, Mersin, Turkey

    Dervis Kirikkaleli

  2. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, TR-10,, Mersin, Turkey

    Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo

  3. School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Zeeshan Khan

  4. Department of Economics and Development Studies, University of Swat, Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 19130, Pakistan

    Shahid Ali

Authors
  1. Dervis Kirikkaleli
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  2. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo
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  3. Zeeshan Khan
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  4. Shahid Ali
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Contributions

Dervis Kirikkaleli and Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo designed the experiment and collected the dataset. The introduction and literature review sections are written by Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo and Zeeshan Khan. Dervis Kirikkaleli and Shahid Ali constructed the methodology section and empirical outcomes in the study. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo contributed to the interpretation of the outcomes. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dervis Kirikkaleli.

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Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T.S., Khan, Z. et al. Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 14009–14017 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7

Keywords

  • Ecological footprint
  • Globalization
  • Economic growth
  • Energy consumption
  • Trade openness
  • Turkey