Abstract
The application of three simple and cost-effective technologies for ex situ remediation of the sediment of Begej River in Serbia is presented in this paper. In the first step, conventional electrokinetic treatment (EK) was carried out to reduce the amount of contaminated sediment and enhance the accumulation of metals. Subsequently, stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment was applied to the remaining portion of polluted sediment to immobilize the accumulated metals. At the same time, the influence of accelerated carbonation on the effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated. The immobilizing agents used in this study included bio ash produced by combustion of wheat and soy straw mixture and bio ash derived from molasses incineration. After the treatments, the risk assessment was performed by using the sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and TCLP and DIN 3841-4 S4 leaching tests. The results obtained after the EK treatment revealed a reduction in the amount of polluted sediment to a half. Leaching tests and SEP performed on S/S mixtures after a 28-day maturation period indicated that accelerated carbonation decreased the mobility of critical metals, especially in wheat and soy straw mixtures. Moreover, based on the leaching tests, all prepared mixtures were categorized as non-hazardous and safe for disposal according to the relevant Serbian regulations. The newly developed method that combines EK and S/S treatments with the addition of accelerated carbonation produced reduced volumes of stabilized sediment which is safe for disposal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable. The data shown and considered in the manuscript was produced by authors, and no other data was considered.
References
Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN (1993) Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environ Sci Technol 27:2638–2647. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00049a002
Ammami MT, Portet-Koltalo F, Benamar A, Duclairoir-Poc C, Wanga H, Derf L (2015) Application of biosurfactants and periodic voltage gradient for enhanced electrokinetic remediation of metals and PAHs in dredged marine sediments. Chemosphere 125:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.087
Arickx S, Van Gerven T, Vandecasteele C (2006) Accelerated carbonation for treatment of MSWI bottom ash. J Hazard Mater 137:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.059
ASTM D1557-00 (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2000) Standard test method for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort American Society for Testing Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards: D1557-91, Philadelphia, USA
Baciocchi R, Costa G, Di Bartolomeo E, Polettini A, Pomi R (2009) The effects of accelerated carbonation on CO2 uptake and metal release from incineration APC residues. Waste Manag 29:2994–3003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.07.012
Benamar A, Tian Y, Portet-Koltalo F, Ammami MT, Giusti-Petrucciani N, Song Y, Boulange-Lecomte C (2019) Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of multi-contaminated dredged sediments and induced effect on their toxicity. Chemosphere 228:744–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.063
DIN 38414-4 (1984) German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; sludge and sediments (group S); determination of leachability by water (S 4). Deutsches Institut für Normungen, Berlin
Dohnálková B, Drochytka R, Hodul J (2018) New possibilities of neutralisation sludge solidification technology. J Clean Prod 204:1097–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.095
EN 12879 (2000) Characterization of sludge - determination of the loss on ignition of dry mass. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
EN 12880 (2000) Characterization of sludges - determination of dry residue and water content. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Fernández Bertos M, Simons SJR, Hills CD, Carey PJ (2004) A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2. J Hazard Mater 112:193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.04.019
Figueroa A, Cameselle C, Gouveia S, Hansen HK (2016) Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals. J Environ Sci Heal A 51:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2016.1170425
Gao J, Luo QS, Zhu J, Zhang CB, Li BZ (2013) Effects of electrokinetic treatment of contaminated sludge on migration and transformation of Cd, Ni and Zn in various bonding states. Chemosphere 93:2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.079
Gardner K (2005) Electrochemical remediation and stabilization of contaminated sediments, a final report submitted to the NOAA/UNH Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET) http://visordocs.sic.gov.co/documentos/Docs019/docs20/2014/2014003407OF/2014003407OF0000000007.PDF?481 (Access date: 31/08/2020)
Gong Y, Zhao D, Wang Q (2018) An overview of field-scale studies on remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals and metalloids: technical progress over the last decade. Water Res 147:440–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.024
Gunning PJ, Hills CD, Carey PJ (2010) Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes. Waste Manag 30:1081–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.005
Hahladakis NJ, Latsos A, Gidarakos E (2016) Performance of electroremediation in real contaminated sediments using a big cell, periodic voltage and innovative surfactants. J Hazard Mater 320:376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.003
Heviánková S, Bestová I, Kyncl M (2014) The application of wood ash as a reagent in acid mine drainage treatment. Min Eng 56:109–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.10.032
Hu C, Deng Z, Xie Y, Chen X, Li F (2015) The risk assessment of sediment heavy metal pollution in the East Dongting Lake wetland. J Chemother 2015:8–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/835487
Identification and listing of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR Parts 261) (2005) Solid waste and emergency response (5305W) EPA530-K-05-012. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington
ISO 10390 (2005) Soil quality - determination of pH. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 11265 (1994) Soil quality — determination of the specific electrical conductivity. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 11277 (2009) Soil quality - determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material - method by sieving and sedimentation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 11464 (2006) Soil quality - pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analyses. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
Jain CK (2004) Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Res 38:569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.042
Johannesson B, Utgenannt P (2001) Microstructural changes caused by carbonation of cement mortar. Cem Concr Res 31:925–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00498-7
Kerkez D, Radjenović D, Tomašević Pilipović D, Bečelić-Tomin M, Slijepčević N, Rončević S, Dalmacija B (2020) Leachability and microstructural analysis of clay and lime stabilized/solidified polluted sediment-long-term performance. Period Polytech Chem Eng 64:93–105. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.13403
Kirkelund GM, Ottosen LM, Villumsen A (2010) Investigations of Cu, Pb and Zn partitioning by sequential extraction in harbour sediments after electrodialytic remediation. Chemosphere 79:997–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.015
Krcmar D, Varga N, Prica M, Cveticanin L, Zukovic M, Dalmacija B, Corba Z (2018) Application of hexagonal two dimensional electrokinetic system on the nickel contaminated sediment and modelling the transport behavior of nickel during electrokinetic treatment. Sep Purif Technol 192:253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.008
Liiri M, Haimi J, Setälä H (2002) Community composition of soil microarthropods of acid forest soils as affected by wood ash application. Pedobiologia 46:108–124. https://doi.org/10.1078/0031-4056-00118
López-Vizcaíno R, dos Santos EV, Yustres A, Rodrigo MA, Navarro V, Martínez-Huitle CA (2019) Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils. Sep Purif Technol 212:376–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.034
Lu CC, Hsu MH, Lin YP (2019) Evaluation of heavy metal leachability of incinerating recycled aggregate and solidification/stabilization products for construction reuse using TCLP, multi-final pH and EDTA-mediated TCLP leaching tests. J Hazard Mater 368:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.066
Ma F, Wu B, Zhang Q, Cui D, Liu Q, Peng C, Li F, Gu Q (2018) An innovative method for the solidification/stabilization of PAHs-contaminated soil using sulfonated oil. J Hazard Mater 344:742–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.015
Matsi T, Keramidas VZ (1999) Fly ash application on two acid soils and its effect on soil salinity, pH, B, P and on ryegrass growth and composition. Environ Pollut 104:107–112
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting (2000) Circular on target values and intervention values for soil remediation - Dutch target and intervention values. Netherlands Government Gazette, Netherlands
Nieminen JK, Räisänen M, Haimi J (2012) Spot mounding and granulated wood ash increase inorganic N availability and alter key components of the soil food web in clear-cut Norway spruce forests. For Ecol Manag 263:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.023
Official Gazette of RS (2010) Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia no 56/10, ministry of energy, development and the environment, regulation on categories, testing and classification of waste. Official Gazette of RS, Belgrade (in Serbian)
Official Gazette of RS (2012) Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia no 50/12, regulation on limit values for pollutants in surface and groundwaters and sediments, and the deadlines for their achievement. Official Gazette of RS, Belgrade (in Serbian)
Ottosen LM, Larsen TH, Jensen PE, Kirkelund GM, Kerrn-Jespersen H, Tuxen N, Hyldegaard BH (2019) Electrokinetics applied in remediation of subsurface soil contaminated with chlorinated ethenes–a review. Chemosphere 235:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.075
Ozcan S, Tor A, Aydin ME (2013) Investigation on the levels of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge samples and ecotoxicological testing. CLEAN - Soil Air Water 41:411–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100187
Peppicelli C, Cleall P, Sapsford D, Harbottle M (2018) Changes in metal speciation and mobility during electrokinetic treatment of industrial wastes: implications for remediation and resource recovery. Sci Total Environ 624:1488–1503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.132
Rauret G, Lopez-Sanchez JF, Sahuquillo A, Rubio R, Davidson C, Ure A, Quevauviller P (1999) Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J Environ Monit 1:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1039/a807854h
Rendek E, Ducom G, Germain P (2006) Carbon dioxide sequestration in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash. J Hazard Mater 128:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.033
Selvi A, Rajasekar A, Theerthagiri J, Ananthaselvam A, Sathishkumar K, Madhavan J, Rahman PKSM (2019) Integrated remediation processes toward heavy metal removal/recovery from various environments-a review. Front Environ Sci 7:66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00066
Souza FL, Saéz C, Llanos J, Lanza MRV, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA (2016) Solar-powered electrokinetic remediation for the treatment of soil polluted with the herbicide 2,4-D. Electrochim Acta 190:371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.134
Spence RD, Shi C (2005) Stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive and mixed wastes. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Todaro F, De Gisi S, Notarnicola M (2020) Contaminated marine sediment stabilization/solidification treatment with cement/lime: leaching behaviour investigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:21407–21415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08562-1
Tomašević Pilipović D, Dalmacija B, Došić A, Kerkez Đ, Slijepčević N, Becelić-Tomin M (2015) Potential application of nanomaterials in the treatment of contaminated sediment. Zaštita Materijala 56:289–296. https://doi.org/10.5937/ZasMat1503289T
Tomasevic DD, Dalmacija MB, Prica MD, Dalmacija BD, Kerkez DV, Bečelić-Tomin MR, Roncevic SD (2013) Use of fly ash for remediation of metals polluted sediment – green remediation. Chemosphere 92:1490–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.063
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1986) Method 9080: cation-exchange capacity of soils (ammonium acetate), SW-846: test methods for evaluating solid waste - physical/chemical methods. Washington D.C., United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/9080.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1992) Method 1311: toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, SW-846: test methods for evaluating solid waste - physical/chemical methods. Washington D.C., United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/1311.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1998) Method 7010: graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, SW-846: test methods for evaluating solid waste - physical/chemical methods. Washington D.C., United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/7010.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2007a) Method 3051A: microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils, SW-846: test methods for evaluating solid waste - physical/chemical methods. Washington D.C., United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3051a.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2007b) Method 7000B: flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, SW-846: test methods for evaluating solid waste - physical/chemical methods. Washington D.C., United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/7000b.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
USGS (2006) U.S. Geological Survey TWRI, field measurements. National field manual for the collection of water-quality data, handbooks for water-resources investigations. USGS, Reston
Van Gerven T, Moors J, Dutré V, Vandecasteele C (2004) Effect of CO2 on leaching from a cement-stabilized MSWI fly ash. Cem Concr Res 34:1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.022
Varga NS, Dalmacija BD, Prica MD, Kerkez DV, Becelic-Tomin MD, Spasojevic JM, Krcmar DS (2017) The application of solar cells in the electrokinetic remediation of metal contaminated sediments. Water Environ Res 89:663–671. https://doi.org/10.2175/WERD1600172.1
Wang L, Yu K, Li JS, Tsang DCW, Poon CS, Yoo JC, Baek K, Ding S, Hou D, Dai JG (2018a) Low-carbon and low-alkalinity stabilization/solidification of high-Pb contaminated soil. Chem Eng J 351:418–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.118
Wang L, Chen L, Tsang DCW, Li JS, Yeung TLY, Ding S, Poon CS (2018b) Green remediation of contaminated sediment by stabilization/solidification with industrial by-products and CO2 utilization. Sci Total Environ 631-632:1321–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.103
Wang L, Chen L, Cho DW, Tsang DCW, Yang J, Hou D, Baek K, Kua HW, Poon CS (2019) Novel synergy of Si-rich minerals and reactive MgO for stabilisation/solidification of contaminated sediment. J Hazard Mater 365:695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.067
Wen J, Yi Y, Zeng G (2016) Effects of modified zeolite on the removal and stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated lake sediment using BCR sequential extraction. J Environ Manag 178:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.046
Wen D, Fu R, Li Q (2021) Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: a review. J Hazard Mater 401:123345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123345
Yin CY, Mahmud H, Shaaban MG (2006) Stabilization/solidification of lead-contaminated soil using cement and rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 137:1758–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.013
Yu K, Xu J, Jiang X, Liu C, McCall W, Lu J (2017) Stabilization of heavy metals in soil using two organo-bentonites. Chemosphere 184:884–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.040
Zhang C, Yu Z, Zeng G, Jiang M, Yang Z, Cui F, Zhu M, Shen L, Hu L (2014) Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environ Int 73:270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010
Zhou M, Xu J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Gao H (2018) Exchange electrode-electrokinetic remediation of Cr contaminated soil using solar energy. Sep Purif Technol 190:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.006
Životić MM, Stojiljković DD, Jovović AM, Čudić VV (2012) Potential usage of fly ash and bottom ash from thermal power plant “Nikola Tesla” landfill, Serbia. Hem Ind 66(3):403–412
Funding
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant Number 451-03-68/2020-14/200125).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NP conceptualized the research project, developed methodology, collected the samples, conducted the experiments, analyzed samples, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript; SR supervised and managed the research project; NV assisted electrokinetic treatment experiments, AAS analysis and quality control; DK conceptualized and supervised electrokinetic treatment experiments; ŽM and MŽB assisted supervision and management of the research project; SĐ carried out XRD analysis and edited figures and text. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable. Our manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue.
Consent for publication
Not applicable. Our manuscript does not contain data from any individual person.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Weiming Zhang
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Popov, N., Rončević, S., Duduković, N. et al. Ex situ remediation of sediment from Serbia using a combination of electrokinetic and stabilization/solidification with accelerated carbonation treatments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 14969–14982 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11621-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11621-2