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Halogen content relative to the chemical and biochemical composition of fifteen marine macro and micro algae: nutritional value, energy supply, antioxidant potency, and health risk assessment

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Abstract

Marine algae have made a strong contribution to global food security in the future. This study is the first report describing the concentration, pathways, and interactions of halogens in 15 species of marine algae collected from the Eastern Harbor in Alexandria, Egypt, relative to 22 key variables. The relationship between halogen content and chemical and biochemical parameters was studied through multivariate analysis. Among all the tested algae, the iodine content was the lowest (2.53–3.00 μg/g). The range of fluoride and chloride in macroalgae (1.12–1.70 and 0.10–0.46 mg/g) was smaller than that of microalgae (0.10–0.46 and 1.48–3.17 mg/g). The bromide content in macroalgae (0.36–5.45 mg/g) was higher than that in microalgae (0.40–0.76 mg/g). The halogen content in macroalgae was arranged in the order of Br > F > Cl > I. In addition, the biochemical parameters such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and certain heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, and Cr) were determined. Calories, energy, total antioxidant activity (TAC), K/Na, and ion quotient amounts were estimated. The results showed that the green seaweed species had the highest TAC content. In most of the studied algal species, the calculated ion quotient referred to their likelihood of overcoming high blood pressure. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of algae showed no adverse effects on human health. Most of the research variables are below the acceptable WHO/FAO level. Generally, the calorie content of the selected algae is less than 2 kcal, which makes the algae considered an alternative source of healthy food to reduce obesity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt

    Gehan M. El Zokm, Mona M. Ismail & Ghada F. El-Said

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  1. Gehan M. El Zokm
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  2. Mona M. Ismail
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Contributions

All authors have the same contributions in practical works and writing.

Dr. Gehan M. El-Zokm has measured elements and halogen contents in the tested algae and analysis the data.

Dr. Mona M. Ismail has collected the tested seaweed and identified them, plus purification and cultivation of the microalgae. Also, she has measured all the biochemical composition of the collected algae and has participated in the writing.

Prof. Dr. Ghada M. Farouk has estimated the elements and halogen content in the collected algae and has participated in the writing.

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Correspondence to Mona M. Ismail.

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Highlights

- Chemotaxonomic study of 15 marine algal species was conducted.

- Levels of 26 parameters included four halogens were illustrated.

- Multiple regression analysis was used to give deep insights into pathways and interactions between the studied parameters.

- Calories, energy, TAC, K/Na, ion quotient, EDI, and halogen ratio were estimated.

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El Zokm, G.M., Ismail, M.M. & El-Said, G.F. Halogen content relative to the chemical and biochemical composition of fifteen marine macro and micro algae: nutritional value, energy supply, antioxidant potency, and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 14893–14908 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11596-0

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