Abstract
Palladium (Pd) is widely used in automotive catalytic converters to reduce toxic gas emissions. The input of Pd in the rainfall-runoff is an important contributing factor to the accumulation of Pd in receiving water bodies. In this study, the Meishe River in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, was used as the research area, and palladium (Pd) was selected as the target pollutant. This study explored the response of Pd in the receiving water body to rainfall-runoff and to analyze the influencing factors. The results showed that the dissolved Pd concentration in the receiving water body had a corresponding relationship with that in rainfall-runoff. The response of suspended Pd in the receiving water body to rainfall-runoff was closely related to the location of the drainage outlet. Compared with that of suspended Pd, the response of dissolved Pd in the receiving water body to that in the rainfall-runoff was more obvious. Seven meters downstream from the outfall was the most sensitive response distance of dissolved Pd in receiving water bodies to rainfall-runoff, and the response time was approximately 0–10 min. The suspended Pd at 3 m downstream from the outfall also had a certain response to the rainfall-runoff, and the response time was approximately 15–25 min. The response time of the suspended Pd in the receiving water body depended largely on the first flush ability of the runoff. There was a moderately positive correlation between the dissolved Pd and Cl− in the receiving water body (r = 0.687; p < 0.05). The effects of pH, Eh, and total suspended solids (TSS) on suspended Pd were reduced in the response process of the receiving water body. The synergistic effect of multiple factors increased the uncertainty of the Pd response.
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Data availability
Since the data is completed by the cooperation of many scholars, the data set generated and/or analyzed in the current research process cannot be publicly obtained but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the 2017 undergraduates at the College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Youpeng Si, Yonghang Fan, Jie Zhang, Xinyue Wang, Mengyuan Jiang, and other students, who helped complete the sampling work.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41867060), the Key Research, Development Program of Hainan Province (ZDYF2019131), and Postgraduate Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Hainan (Hys2019-241). Funding agencies provided complete sampling experimental conditions for the data in the manuscript, designed manuscript research ideas, and edited the manuscript.
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FFD analyzed and interpreted the relevant pollutant data and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. YYL provided a general framework and financial support. ZCW provided manuscript comments and reference suggestions. CYJ provided experimental test methods. D W provided test venues and experimental equipment. LW proofread the manuscript and provided comments. BF proofread the manuscript. LZ provided technical support. HFL proofread the manuscript.
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Ding, F., Liu, Y., Wang, Z. et al. Response of palladium in receiving water bodies to rainfall-runoff. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10027–10038 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11543-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11543-z