Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial variations in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the groundwaters along the Indian coast and their export to adjacent coastal waters

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is one of the main external nutrient sources to the coastal waters. The concentrations of nutrients in groundwaters are a few folds higher than that of adjacent coastal waters; therefore, SGD enhances nutrients levels in the coastal waters and influences coastal biota. In order to examine the spatial and seasonal variability in nutrient concentrations and exchange to the coastal waters, groundwater samples were collected at ~ 90 locations along the Indian coast during the wet and dry seasons. This study revealed that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphates (DIP) and urea were found to be high during the dry than wet period. Higher concentrations of DIN and DIP were observed during both wet and dry periods in the groundwater along the east than the west coast of India. The State-wise mean amount of fertilizer used during Kharif (wet) and Rabi (dry) period in each Indian State showed significant correlation with mean concentrations of DIN and urea. The observed linear relationship of DIN with bacterial respiration and inverse relationship with DO saturation and ammonium in groundwater suggested that decomposition of organic matter and nitrification contributed to the DIN pool in the groundwater. The mean rate of SGD fluxes varied between 1.6 × 104 m3/day and 1.75 × 1011 m3/day in the Indian coastal region. The annual mean SGD flux of DIN and DIP was estimated to be 0.103 ± 0.02 and 0.021 ± 0.01 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) to the western coastal Bay of Bengal (east coast of India) and 0.06 ± 0.03 and 0.015 ± 0.01 Tg/y to the eastern coastal Arabian Sea (west coast of India) respectively. The estimated SGD flux of DIN and DIP to the Indian coastal waters amounted to 0.163 ± 0.04 and 0.036 ± 0.02 Tg/y respectively, and it is almost close to that of nutrients discharged by rivers (0.22 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.03 Tg/y respectively). Among the external sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, such as river discharge, atmospheric deposition, the contribution by SGD is highly significant in the Bay of Bengal (30 and 17% respectively) than in the case of Arabian Sea (24 and 25% respectively).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author on request.

References

  • Anderson DM, Patricia MG, Burkholoder JM (2002) Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries. 25(4b):704–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Anschutz P, Charbonnier C, Deborde J, Deirmendjian L, Poirier D, Mouret A, Buquet D, Lecroart P (2016) Terrestrial groundwater and nutrient discharge along the 240-km long Aquitanian coast. Mar Chem 185:38–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony R, Ramanujam N (2014) Detection of submarine grounwater discharge to coastal zone study using 2d electrical resistivity imaging study at Manapad, Tuticorin, India. Indian J Mar Sci (42)224–228

  • Anwar N, Robinson C, Barry DA (2014) Influence of tides and waves on the fate of nutrients in a nearshore aquifer: numerical simulations. Adv Water Resour 73:203–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin JA (2000) Cumulative impacts assessment, Thousand springs area of the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho

  • BarathKumar S, Mohanty AK, Padhi RK, Selvanayagam M, Satpathy KK (2016) Coastal water characteristics along Tamil Nadu, east coast of India during pre-northeast monsoon period. Indian J Mar Sci 47(02):308–318

  • Baskaran S, Budd KL, Larsen RM, Bauld J (2002) A groundwater quality assessment of the Lower Pioneer Catchment, Qld., Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, 62 p

  • Basu AR, Jacobsen SB, Poreda RJ, Dowling CB, Aggarwal PK (2001) Large groundwater strontium flux to the oceans from the Bengal Basin and the marine strontium isotope record. Science 293:1470–1474

  • Bauer JE, Cai WJ, Raymond PA, Bianchi TS, Hopkinson CS, Regnier PA (2013) The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean. Nature. 504(7478):61–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bearcock JM, Smedley PL (2012) Baseline groundwater chemistry: the Sherwood Sandstone of Devon and Somerset

  • Bhattacharyya T, Kumar DP (2015) State of Indian soils. In: Pathak H, Sanyal SK, Takkar PN (eds) State of Indian Argiculture. National Academy Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, pp 6–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitburg D, Levin LA, Oschlies A, Grégoire M, Chavez FP, Conley DJ, Garçon V, Gilbert D, Gutiérrez D, Isensee K, Jacinto GS (2018) Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359(6371):eaam7240

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett WC, Bokuniewicz H, Huettel M et al (2003) Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeochemistry 66:3–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buss SR, Herbert AW, Morgan P, Rhornton SF, Smith JWN (2004) A review of ammonium attenuation in soil and ground water. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 37:347–359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carritt DE, Carpenter JH (1966) Comparison and evaluation of currently employed modifications of the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in seawater; a NASCO report. J Mar Res 24(3):286–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro MS, Driscoll CT, Jordan TE, Reay WG, Boynton WR (2003) Sources of nitrogen to estuaries in the United States. Estuaries. 26(3):803–814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti R, Mondal S, Acharya SS, SreeLekha J, Sengupta D (2018) Submarine groundwater discharge derived strontium from the Bengal Basin traced in Bay of Bengal water samples. Sci Rep 8:4383. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22299-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Xing W, Lan Z, Saleem M, Wu Y, Hu S, Bai Y (2019) Direct and indirect effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil organisms and carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid grassland. Fuction Ecol 33(1):175–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaram S, Nepolian M, Ramanathan AL, Sarathidasan J, Thilagavathi R, Thivya C, Prasanna MV, Srinivasamoorthy K, Jacob N, Mohokar H (2017) An attempt to identify and estimate the subsurface groundwater discharge in the south east coast of India. Int J Sustain Built Environ 6(2):421–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobbing J, Moreau M, Shand P, Lancaster A (2004) Baseline report series.14, the Corallian of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire

  • De Sousa SN, Kumar MD, Sardessai S, Sarma VVSS (1996) Seasonal variability in oxygen and nutrients in the central and eastern Arabian Sea. Curr Sci 71(11):847–851

    Google Scholar 

  • Debnath P, Mukherjee A (2016) Quantification of tidally-influenced seasonal groundwater discharge to the Bay of Bengal by seepage meter study. J Hydrodyn 537:106–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling CB, Poreda RJ, Basu AR (2003) The groundwater geochemistry of the Bengal Basin: weathering, chemsorption, and trace metal flux to the oceans. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(12):2117–2136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP, Sutton MA (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science. 320(5878):889–892

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia HE, Gordon LI (1992) Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations. Limno Oceanogra 37(6):1307–1312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauns M, Madhupratap M, Ramaiah N, Jyothibabu J, Fernandes V, Bhaskar J, Prasanna Kumar S (2005) Comparative accounts of biological productivity characteristics and estimates of carbon fluxes in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 52:2003–2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.05.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George ME, Babu DS, Akhil T, Rafeeque MK (2018) Investigation on submarine groundwater discharge at Kozhikkode Coastal Aquifer, SW Western Ghats. J Geol Soc India 92(5):626–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomes HDR, Goes JI, Matondkar SGP, Buskey EJ, Basu S, Parab S, Prasad TG (2014) Massive outbreaks of Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia. Nat Commun 5:4862

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grasshoff K, Ehrhardt M, Kremling K (1992) Methods of seawater analysis. Weinheim, Verlag Chemie

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta GVM, Sudheesh V, Sudharma KV, Saravanane N, Dhanya V, Dhanya KR, Lakshmi G, Sudhakar M, Naqvi SWA (2016) Evolution to decay of upwelling and associated biogeochemistry over the southeastern Arabian Sea shelf. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 121:159–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllenberg G (1973) Comparison of the cartesian diver technique and the polarographic method, an open system, for measuring the respiratory rates in three marine copepods

  • Gyllenberg G (1981) Eudiaptomusgracilis (Copepoda, Calanoida): diel vertical migration in the field and diel oxygen consumption rhythm in the laboratory. In Annales Zoologici Fennici (pp. 229-232). Finnish Academy of Sciences, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo

  • Halimi S, Baali F, Kherici N, Rechachi H, Younsi AK (2016) Impact of agricultural activities on the evolution of nitrate and nitrite levels in groundwater of Annaba plain (North East of Algeria). J Biodivers Environ Sci 9:120–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert RA (1999) Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23(5):563–590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth RW, Marino R (2006) Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnol Oceanogr 51(1part2):364–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth RW, Boyer EW, Pabich WJ, Galloway JN (2002) Nitrogen use in the United States from 1961–2000 and potential future trends. Ambio 31(2):88–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob N, Babu DS, Shivanna K (2009) Radon as an indicator of submarine groundwater discharge in coastal regions. Curr Sci 97:1313–1320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jha SK, Hemalatha P, Rajaram S, Puranik VD (2011) Spatial distribution of radium in coastal marine waters of Tamil Nadu. Radioprotection 46(6):S167–S172

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaliraj S, Chandrasekar N, Kizhur R, Selvakumar S (2019) Seawater intrusion vulnerability in the coastal aquifers of southern India – an appraisal of the GALDIT model, parameters’ sensitivity, and hydrochemical indicators. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:1–30

  • Kamler E (1969) A comparison of the closed-bottle and flowing-water methods for measurement of respiration in aquatic invertebrates. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 16:31–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavitha E, Chandrashekara MS, Paramesh L (2017) 226Ra and 210Po concentration in drinking water of Cauvery river basin south interior Karnataka State, India. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 10(1):20–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan I, Ullah H, Imran M (2007) Nitrate and phosphate pollution in surface and ground water in Western Malaysia. J Chem Soc Pak 29(4):315–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim G, Lee KK, Park KS, Hwang DW, Yang HS (2003) Large submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from a volcanic island. Geophys Res Lett 30(21):2098

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim G, Ryu JW, Yang HS, Yun ST (2005) Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the Yellow Sea revealed by 228Ra and 226Ra isotopes: implications for global silicate fluxes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 237(1-2):156–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knee K, Paytan A (2011) 4.08 submarine groundwater discharge: a source of nutrients, metals, and pollutants to the Coastal Ocean. Treatise Estuar Coast Sci 4:205–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Knee KL, Crook ED, Hench JL, Leichter JJ, Paytan A (2016) Assessment of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as a source of dissolved radium and nutrients to Moorea (French Polynesia) coastal waters. Estuar Coasts 39(6):1651–1668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi S, Sugimoto R, Honda H, Miyata Y, Tahara D, Tominaga O, Shoji J, Yamada M, Nakada S, Taniguchi M (2017) High-resolution mapping and time-series measurements of 222Rn concentrations and biogeochemical properties related to submarine groundwater discharge along the coast of Obama Bay, a semi-enclosed sea in Japan. Progress Earth Planet Sci 4:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna MS, Prasad MHK, Rao DB, Viswanadham R, Sarma VVSS, Reddy NPC (2016) Export of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers during discharge period. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 172:430–443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SB, Mohanty AK, Padhi RK, Selvanayagam M, Satpathy KK (2018) Coastal water characteristics along Tamil Nadu, east coast of India during pre-northeast monsoon period. Indian J Geo Mar Sci 47(02):308–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon EY, Kim G, Primeau F, Moore WS, Cho HM, DeVries T, Sarmiento JL, Charette MA, Cho YK (2014) Global estimate of submarine groundwater discharge based on an observationally constrained radium isotope model. Geophys Res Lett 41(23):8438–8444

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche J, Nuzzi R, Waters R, Wyman K, Falkowski P, Wallace D (1997) Brown tide blooms in Long Island’s coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Glob Chang Biol 3(5):397–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecher A, Mackey K, Kudela R, Ryan J, Fisher A, Murray J (2015) Nutrient loading through submarine groundwater discharge and phytoplankton growth in Monterey Bay, CA. Environ Sci Technol 49. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00909

  • Lenahan MJ (2012) Development of a hydrological modelling toolkit to support sustainable development of the Lower Burdekin groundwater system: geochemical assessment and reactive transport modelling of nitrogen dynamics in the lower Burdekin coastal plain aquifer, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane, p 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Dai M, Chen W, Huh CA, Wang G, Li Q, Charette MA (2012) How significant is submarine groundwater discharge and its associated dissolved inorganic carbon in a river-dominated shelf system? Biogeosciences 9(5):1777

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Charette MA, Henderson PB, McCorkle DC, Martin W, Dai M (2014) Effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the coastal ocean inorganic carbon cycle. Limnol Oceanogr 59(5):1529–1554

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorah MM, Cozzarelli IM, Bohlke JK (2009) Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume. J Contam Hydrol 105:99–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luijendijk E, Gleeson T, Moosdorf N (2020) Fresh groundwater discharge insignificant for the world’s oceans but important for coastal ecosystems. Nat Commun 11(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Manivannan V, Elango L (2019) Seawater intrusion and submarine groundwater discharge along the Indian coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:31592–31608

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore WS (1997) High fluxes of radium and barium from the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River during low river discharge suggest a large groundwater source. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150(1-2):141–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore WS (2010) The effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean. Annu Rev Mar Sci 2:59–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A, Fryar AE, Howell P (2007a) Regional hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow modeling of the arsenic contaminated aquifers of the western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India. J Hydrol 15:1397–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A, Fryar AE, Rowe HD (2007b) Regional-scale stable isotopic signatures of recharge and deep groundwater in the arsenic affected areas of West Bengal, India. J Hydrol 334:151–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvenna PF, Savidge G (1992) A modified manual method for the determination of urea in seawater using diacetylmonoxime reagent. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 34(5):429–438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi SWA, George MD, Narvekar PV, Jayakumar DA, Shailaja MS et al (1998) Severe fish mortality associated with ‘red tide’ observed in the sea off Cochin. Curr Sci 75:543–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi SWA, Jayakumar DA, Narvekar PV, Naik H, Sarma VVSS, D’Souza W, Joseph S, George MD (2000) Increased maring production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature 408:346–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naseem S, Erum B, Ahmed P, Rafique T, Hamza S, Kaleem M (2017) Impact of seawater intrusion on the geochemistry of groundwater of Gwadar district, Balochistan and its appraisal for drinking water quality. Arabian J Sci Eng 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2679-8

  • Nixon S, Trent Z, Marcuello C, Lallana C (2003) Contributions from: A. Zenetos, J. Grath, A. Scheidleder, J. Feher, A. Lazar, M. Joanny, G. Aertebjerg, B. Fribourg-Blanc, J. Bogestrand, N. Green, K. Nygaard, R. Bradford. Europe’s water: an indicator-based assessment. ISBN: 92-9167-581-4

  • Prakash R, Srinivasamoorthy K, Gopinath S, Saravanan K, Vinnarasi F, Ponnumani G, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P (2018) Radon isotope assessment of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in Coleroon River Estuary, Tamil Nadu, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 317(1):25–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian J, Wang L, Zhan H, Chen Z (2011) Urban land-use effects on groundwater phosphate distribution in a shallow aquifer, Nanfei River basin, China. Hydrogeol J 19(7):1431–1442

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Díaz RJ, Justić D (2009) Global change and eutrophication of coastal waters. ICES J Mar Sci 66(7):1528–1537

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahaman W, Singh SK (2012) Sr and 87Sr/86Sr in estuaries of western India: impact of submarine groundwater discharge. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 85:275–288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redfield AC (1963) The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. The sea, 2, pp.26-77

  • Rengarajan R, Sarma VVSS (2015) Submarine groundwater discharge and nutrient addition to the coastal zone of the Godavari estuary. Mar Chem 172:57–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rengarajan R, Sarin MM, Somayajulu BLK, Suhasini R (2002) Mixing in the surface waters of the western Bay of Bengal using 228Ra and 226Ra. J Mar Res 60(2):255–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rupal M, Tanushree B, Sukalyan C (2012) Quality characterization of groundwater using water quality index in Surat city, Gujarat, India. Int Res J Environ Sci 1(4):14–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarma VVSS, Krishna MS, Rao VD, Viswanadham R, Kumar NA, Kumar TR et al (2012) Sources and sinks of CO2 in the west coast of Bay of Bengal. Tellus-B 64:10961. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v6i0.10961

  • Sarma VVSS, Krishna MS, Viswanadham R, Rao GD, Rao VD, Sridevi B, Kumar BSK, Prasad VR, Subbaiah CV, Acharyya T, Bandopadhyay D (2013a) Intensified oxygen minimum zone on the western shelf of Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon: influence of river discharge. J Oceanogr 69(1):45–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma VVSS, Sridevi B, Maneesha K, Sridevi T, Naidu SA, Prasad VR, Venkataramana V, Acharya T, Bharati MD, Subbaiah CV, Kiran BS (2013b) Impact of atmospheric and physical forcings on biogeochemical cycling of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the coastal Bay of Bengal. J Oceanogr 69(2):229–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartandel SJ, Jha SK, Bara SV, Tripathi RM (2014) Assessment of 226Ra and 228Ra activity concentration in west coast of India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 300(2):873–877

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slomp CP, Van Cappellen P (2004) Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact. J Hydrol 295(1-4):64–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soman MK, Kumar KK (1990) Some aspects of daily rainfall distribution over India during the south-west monsoon season. Int J Climatol 10(3):299–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiteri C, Slomp CP, Charette MA, Tuncay K, Meile C (2008) Flow and nutrient dynamics in a subterranean estuary (Waquoit Bay, MA, USA): field data and reactive transport modeling. Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta. 72(14):3398–3412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivas B, Sarin MM (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N, P and Fe to the northern Indian Ocean: implications to C and N fixation. Sci Total Environ 456-457:104–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasamoorthy K, Ponnumani G, Prakash R, Gopinath S, Saravanan K, Vinnarasi F (2019) Tracing groundwater inputs to Bay of Bengal from Sankarabarani River Basin, Pondicherry, India, using continuous radon monitoring. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(10):5513–5524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, M.E. and Smedley, P.L., 2009. Baseline groundwater chemistry: the Chalk aquifer of Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su N, Du J, Moore WS, Liu S, Zhang J (2011) An examination of groundwater discharge and the associated nutrient fluxes into the estuaries of eastern Hainan Island, China using 226Ra. Sci Total Environ 409(19):3909–3918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suman G, Bhat., Krishnaswami, S (1969) Isotopes of Uranium and Radium in Indian rivers. Proc Indian Acad Sci 70:1–17

  • Sundaram B, Jane C (2009) Groundwater Quality in Australia and New Zealand: a literature review. Milestone report prepared by geosciences Australia for the Australian government of the Environment, water, Heritage and the Arts. Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Canberra

  • Suresh Babu DS, Anish M, Vivekanandan KL, Ramanujam N, Murugan KN, Ravindran AA (2009) An account of submarine groundwater discharge of SW Indian coastal zone. J Coast Res 25:91–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahir MA, Rasheed H (2008) Distribution of nitrate in the water resources of Pakistan. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2(11):397–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi M, Burnett WC, Cable JE, Turner JV (2002) Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge. Hydrol Process 16(11):2115–2129

    Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi M, Burnett WC, Dulaiova H, Siringan F, Foronda J, Wattayakorn G, Rungsupa S, Kontar EA, Ishitobi T (2008) Groundwater discharge as an important land-sea pathway into Manila Bay, Philippines. J Coast Res 24(sp1):15–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi M, Dulai H, Burnett KM, Santos IR, Sugimoto R, Stieglitz T, Kim G, Moosdorf N, Burnett WC (2019) Submarine groundwater discharge: Updates on its measurement techniques, geophysical drivers, magnitudes and effects. Front Mar Sci 7:141

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas P, Dietrich U (2006) Nitrogen emissions into freshwater ecosystems: is there a need for nitrate elimination in all wastewater treatment plants? Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 34:305–324

  • Thorburn PJ, Biggs JS, Weier KL, Keating BA (2003) Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 94(1):49–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valiela I, Costa J, Foreman K, Teal JM, Howes B, Aubrey D (1990) Transport of groundwater-borne nutrients from watersheds and their effects on coastal waters. Biogeochemistry. 10(3):177–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valiela I, Foreman K, LaMontagne M, Hersh D, Costa J, Peckol P, DeMeo-Andreson B, D’Avanzo C, Babione M, Sham CH, Brawley J (1992) Couplings of watersheds and coastal waters: sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries. 15(4):443–457

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetrimurugan E, Elango L, Rajmohan N (2013) Sources of contaminants and groundwater quality in the coastal part of a river delta. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10(3):473–486

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM et al (1997) Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: source and consequences. Ecol Appl 7:737–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieben CM, Baker RJ, Nicholson RS (2012) Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay–Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11. US Geol Surv Sci Investig Rep 5287:44

    Google Scholar 

  • Windom HL, Moore WS, Niencheski LFH, Jahnke RA (2006) Submarine groundwater discharge: a large, previously unrecognized source of dissolved iron to the South Atlantic Ocean. Mar Chem 102(3-4):252–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav VB, Jha SK, Pulhani V, Tripathi RM (2019) Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge using radium mass-balance in Mumbai Harbour Bay, Mumbai, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 319(3):945–952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang G, Guirui Y, Chunyan L, Pei Z (2012) Groundwater nitrogen pollution and assessment of its health risks: a case study of a typical village in rural-urban continuum, China. PLoS ONE 7(4):e33982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasumoto J, Katsuki M, Takaoka H, Hiroshiro Y, Jinno K (2007) Nutrient inputs through submarine groundwater discharge to Ariake Bay, Kyushu Island, Japan. IAHS Publ 312:159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young SM, Pitawala A, Gunatilake J (2010) Fate of phosphate and nitrate in waters of an intensive agricultural area in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Paddy Water Environ 8(1):71–79

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The senior author (BSK) gratefully acknowledges the SERB - Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for fellowship and financial support in the form of SERB-DST-National Post Doctoral Fellowship (Ref No. PDF/2017/001451) for carrying out this work. We would like to thank Director, National Institute of Oceanography for his encouragement and support. We are also thankful to Mr. V. Srinivas, D. N. Rao, B. Karteek, Drs. G.D Rao, V.V. Ramana and S.A Naidu for their support during sampling. We would like to thank Director and Scientist-In-Charge of CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography for their support and encouragement. We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggests to improve the presentation of our results. This has NIO contribution number….

Funding

This study received funding from Indo-French Centre for Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR) (CLP3238) to VVSSS and Department of Science and Technology (DST) funding through Postdoctoral fellowship to BSKK (PDF/2017/001451).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India

    B. S. K. Kumar, R. Viswanadham, V. R. Kumari, D. B. Rao, M. H. K. Prasad & V. V. S. S. Sarma

  2. Department of Environmental studies, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, 530 045, India

    N. Srinivas

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Dona Paula, Goa, India

    V. V. S. S. Sarma

Authors
  1. B. S. K. Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Viswanadham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. R. Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. B. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. H. K. Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. N. Srinivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. V. V. S. S. Sarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BSKK, RV, DBR, MHKP—collection of samples, analysis of samples

BSKK—preparation of initial draft of the manuscript and computations

VRK, NS—Data processing, drawing figures, interpretation of data

VVSSS—Concept of the work, execution of the sampling and analysis plan, interpretation of data, and finalization of manuscript

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. V. S. S. Sarma.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent of publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, B.S.K., Viswanadham, R., Kumari, V.R. et al. Spatial variations in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the groundwaters along the Indian coast and their export to adjacent coastal waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 9173–9191 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11387-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11387-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation