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Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam

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Abstract

Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g−1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g−1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53–5.98 ng g−1) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5–42.6 ng g−1). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered.

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Funding

This study was supported by the TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University (TNUS) under project number CS2020-TN06-11.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam

    Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen, Vinh Dinh Nguyen & Xuan Truong Vuong

  2. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam

    Anh Quoc Hoang & Minh Binh Tu

  3. Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan

    Anh Quoc Hoang

  4. Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam

    Hue Thi Nguyen & Tu Van Vu

  5. University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam

    Hue Thi Nguyen

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen, Anh Quoc Hoang, Vinh Dinh Nguyen, Hue Thi Nguyen, Tu Van Vu, Xuan Truong Vuong, and Minh Binh Tu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen and Anh Quoc Hoang and revised by Minh Binh Tu. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Nguyen, T.T.T., Hoang, A.Q., Nguyen, V.D. et al. Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 13340–13351 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11385-9

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