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Wild black rats (Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758) as zoomonitor of genotoxicity and systemic toxicity induced by hazardous emissions from Abule Egba unsanitary landfill, Lagos, Nigeria

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Abstract

Wild black rats (Rattus rattus) inhabiting Abule Egba landfill (AEL) were used as zoomonitor to assess health risk associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals from landfills. Twenty five R. rattus (16♂ and 9♀) captured within AEL and 15 (9♂ and 6♀) (control) caught from Iyano Ipaja (10 km away from AEL) were examined for bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio, abnormal sperm morphology, alterations in hematological indices and erythrocyte morphology, and histopathology of the viscera using standard protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in MNPCE but decrease PCE/NCE ratio in bone marrow cells of exposed rats than the reference site. MNPCE was insignificantly higher in male than females. Cauda epididymal sperms from exposed rats showed significant high frequency of teratozoospermia. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentrations, percentage hematocrits, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, leucocyte count, and lymphocytes decreased while mean corpuscular volume, neutrophils, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased in the exposed rats compared to the control. Also, abnormal erythrocyte morphology: acanthocytes, codocytes (target cells), schizocytes, and tear drops significantly increased in the exposed rats. Marginal sexual dimorphism was observed between males and females in the incidence of hematological indices. Histopathological lesions including interstitial edema, hemorrhage, lymphoid depletion, cellular infiltrations, proliferation of the alveolar pneumocytes, necrosis, tissue degeneration, and reduced germinal epithelium were observed in the testes, liver, lungs, heart, kidney, and spleen from the exposed rats compared to the control. Some physicochemicals and metals analyzed in leachates from the landfill are capable of inducing genome instability and systemic toxicity in the exposed rats. Rattus rattus exposed to hazardous chemicals from AEL harbored somatic and germ cell mutations, and tissue damage compared to the control rats. We suggest that R. rattus are useful sentinel for genotoxicity and system toxicity assessment of landfill-polluted sites.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Abbreviations

AEL:

Abule Egba landfill

AELL:

Abule Egba landfill leachate

APHA:

American Public Health Association

As:

Arsenic

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

Cd:

Cadmium

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

HCT:

Hematocrit

HGB:

Hemoglobin

Fe:

Iron

Pb:

Lead

Lym:

Lymphocytes

Mg:

Magnesium

Mn:

Manganese

MCH:

Mean corpuscle hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration

MCV:

Mean corpuscle volume

Hg:

Mercury

MN:

Micronucleus

MNPCE:

Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes

HNO3 :

Nitric acid

Neu:

Neutrophils

NCE:

Normochromatic erythrocytes

PCE:

Polychromatic erythrocytes

RBC:

Red blood cell

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SE:

Standard error

USEPA:

United State Environmental Protection Agency

WBC:

White blood cell

Zn:

Zinc

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Adelabu, technical staff, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos for his technical assistance.

Funding

The authors declare that this study did not receive any funding from funding agencies and authors’ institutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Chibuisi G. Alimba

  2. Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany

    Chibuisi G. Alimba

  3. Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria

    Chibuisi G. Alimba, Olusoji O. Adewumi, Olufisayo M. Binuyo & Peter G. C. Odeigah

  4. Biology Unit, Distance Learning Institute, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria

    Olusoji O. Adewumi

  5. Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Olufisayo M. Binuyo

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  4. Peter G. C. Odeigah
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Contributions

CGA and PGCO conceived and supervised the study concept. OOA and OMB analyzed hematological and histological samples. CGA analyzed abnormal erythrocyte morphology, bone marrow micronucleus and abnormal sperm morphology assays. CGA wrote the manuscript draft. CGA, OOA, OMB and PGCO read, corrected and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chibuisi G. Alimba.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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This study strictly adhered to guide for care and use of laboratory animals in accordance with the US National Institute of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised in 1996) as approved by the University of Lagos, Nigeria.

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Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim

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Alimba, C.G., Adewumi, O.O., Binuyo, O.M. et al. Wild black rats (Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758) as zoomonitor of genotoxicity and systemic toxicity induced by hazardous emissions from Abule Egba unsanitary landfill, Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10603–10621 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11325-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11325-7

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