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Identifying watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function in the Yiluo River, Middle of China

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Abstract

Researching the watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function, groundwater recharge heights and age can provide important information to watershed water sources management and water pollution controlling. In this study, 20 groundwater samples, 6 precipitation samples, and 40 surface water samples in the Yiluo River watershed in middle China were collected, and the mixing function between groundwater and surface water, recharge height, and age of groundwater was studied by using hydrochemistry (Cl, DO, EC, pH), radioactive isotopes (14C), and stable isotopes (13C, 18O, 15N). The results showed that river and shallow groundwater had frequent interaction. Evaporation function played a major role in the groundwater recharging process. Groundwater age displayed spatial and seasonal variations, and the age ranged from 660 to 2800 years (dry season) and 560 to 1800 years (wet season) in downstream and midstream, while the age range from 12,025 to 143,600 years (dry season) and 10,560 to 12,650 years (wet season) in upstream. The average recharge height of downstream and midstream both in dry and wet seasons is about 576.00 to 908.70 m. While in upstream, both, in the dry and wet seasons, ranged from 1285 to 2680 m. The mixing function between groundwater and surface water displayed spatiotemporal variety. These results of this study can provide useful information for the watershed-scale water resources management.

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Acknowledgments

We would also like to thank the reviewers and editors for their helpful and constructive comments that greatly contributed to improving the final version of our paper.

Authors’contribution

All authors contributed to the design and development of this manuscript. Xihua Wang carried out the research field and analysis work and prepared the manuscript; Changli Liu provided good mending advices for dealing parts of data of this manuscript; Hongbing Hou gave suggestions on structure and content of this manuscript; and Xiuyan Wang gave more English language and grammar modifying advices. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province ((D2018504002)) and the National Key Research and Development Plan effectively utilized and optimized of surface water and groundwater in the fault basin (2016YFC0502502).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhonghua North street No.268, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

    Xihua Wang, Changli Liu, Hongbing Hou & Xiuyan Wang

  2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Xihua Wang

  3. Key laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhonghua North Street No.268, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

    Xihua Wang & Xiuyan Wang

Authors
  1. Xihua Wang
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  2. Changli Liu
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Correspondence to Xihua Wang.

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Wang, X., Liu, C., Hou, H. et al. Identifying watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function in the Yiluo River, Middle of China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 11053–11065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11285-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11285-y

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