Predictors of carbon emissions: an empirical evidence from NAFTA countries

Musah, Mohammed; Kong, Yusheng; Vo, Xuan Vinh

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11197-x

Research Article
Published: 28 October 2020

Predictors of carbon emissions: an empirical evidence from NAFTA countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 11205–11223 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

This study examined the predictors of carbon emissions in member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Panel models robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity were used for the study. From the heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence tests, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. Also, the unit root and cointegration tests established the series to be first differenced stationary and cointegrated in the long run. Additionally, results of the CCEMG regression estimator in the whole panel affirmed economic growth (GDP) to be a significantly positive predictor of CO₂ emissions, while foreign direct investments (FDI) and population growth (POP) were trivial determinants of CO₂ emissions. The discoveries were however diverse in the individual countries. Finally, there was no causality between GDP and CO₂ emissions and between POP and CO₂ emissions. However, there was a one-way causality from CO₂ emissions to FDI. Policy recommendations are further discussed.

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Abbreviations

GDP:: economic growth
POP:: population
FDI:: foreign direct investments
CO₂ emissions:: carbon emissions
NRE:: non-renewable energy
EC:: energy consumption
NAFTA:: North American Free Trade Agreement
PCA:: principal components analysis
CADF:: cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller
CIPS:: cross-sectional Im, Pesaran and Shin
CD:: cross-sectional dependence
LM:: Lagrangian multiplier
VIF:: variance inflation factor

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This study was funded by the Nature Fund 2020 (Project Approval Number: 71973054)

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School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Mohammed Musah & Yusheng Kong
Institute of Business Research and CFVG, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 59C Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Xuan Vinh Vo

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Mohammed Musah
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Yusheng Kong
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Xuan Vinh Vo
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Musah, M., Kong, Y. & Vo, X.V. Predictors of carbon emissions: an empirical evidence from NAFTA countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 11205–11223 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11197-x

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Received: 06 April 2020
Accepted: 09 October 2020
Published: 28 October 2020
Issue Date: March 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11197-x

Keywords

Predictors
Carbon emissions
Economic growth
Foreign direct investments
Population growth
CCEMG regression estimator
NAFTA countries