Abstract
The current scenario of increased population and industrial advancement leads to the spoliation of freshwater and tapper of the quality of water. These results decrease in freshwater bodies near all of the areas. Besides, organic and inorganic compounds discharged from different sources into the available natural water bodies are the cause of pollution. The occurrence of heavy metals in water and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air is responsible for a vast range of negative impacts on the atmosphere and human health. Nonetheless, high uses of heavy metals for human purposes may alter the biochemical and geochemical equilibrium. The major air contaminants which are released into the surroundings known as VOCs are produced through different kinds of sources, such as petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. VOCs are known to cause various health hazards. VOCs are a pivotal group of chemicals that evaporate readily at room temperature. To get over this problem, biofiltration technology has been evolved for the treatment of heavy metals using biological entities such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria. Biofiltration technology is a beneficial and sustainable method for the elimination of toxic pollutants from the aquatic environment. Various types of biological technologies ranging from biotrickling filters to biofilters have been developed and they are cost-effective, simple to fabricate, and easy to perform. A significant advantage of this process is the pollutant that is transformed into biodegradable trashes which can decompose within an average time period, thus yielding no secondary pollutants. The aim of this article is to scrutinize the role of biofiltration in the removal of heavy metals in wastewater and VOCs and also to analyze the recent bioremediation technologies and methods.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- Pb:
-
Lead
- As:
-
Arsenic
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Sn:
-
Stannum
- Se:
-
Selenium
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
- BTF:
-
Biotrickling filters
- mm:
-
Millimeter
- MBBR:
-
Moving bed biofilm reactor
- PBBR:
-
Packed bed bioreactor
- PCBs:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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The author, MM, is thankful to Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, for providing the necessary facilities during the course of study.
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This study was supported by Startup Research Grant (UGC Faculty Research Promotion Scheme; FRPS) and sustained by Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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MM, PS, and GY conceived the idea of the review, provided the general concept and inputs for each specific section, and drafted part of the manuscript. MM, PS, and GY wrote the review after collecting the literature. MM edited, compiled, and finalized the draft. Finally, all the authors read and approved it for publication.
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Meena, M., Sonigra, P. & Yadav, G. Biological-based methods for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 2485–2508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11112-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11112-4