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Long-term study of heavy metal pollution in the northern Hangzhou Bay of China: temporal and spatial distribution, contamination evaluation, and potential ecological risk

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Abstract

Coastal ecosystem is vulnerable to heavy metal contamination. The northern Hangzhou Bay is under intensifying impact of anthropogenic activities. To reveal the heavy metal pollution status in the coastal environment of the Hangzhou Bay, a long-term investigation into the heavy metal contamination during 2011 to 2016 was initiated. Seawater and sediment samples of 25 locations depending on the sewage outlet locations in the northern Hangzhou Bay were collected to analyze the concentrations and temporal and spatial distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, and As. Pollution condition, ecological risk, and potential sources were additionally analyzed. Results show that the annual mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, and As were 2.13–4.59, 0.212–1.480, 7.81–20.34, 0.054–0.279, 0.026–0.090, and 1.08–2.57 μg/L in the seawater, and were 16.34–28.35, 16.25–26.33, 67.32–97.61, 0.084–0.185, 0.029–0.061, and 6.09–14.08 μg/L in the sediments. A decreasing trend in Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg concentrations and an increasing trend in As of the seawater were observed. However, in the sediment, the heavy metals demonstrated a rising trend, except for Hg. The single-factor pollution index showed an increasing trend in Cd and As in the seawater, depicting an enhanced pollution of Cd and As, while in the sediments, Cu, Pb, and As were in pollution-free level (average Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values below 0) in general, and only occasional slight pollution occurred in individual years, e.g., As with 0.403 in 2016. The mean Igeo values of Cd ranged from − 0.865 to 0.274 during 2011 to 2016, indicating that the pollution level of Cd was slight, but is likely to increase in the forthcoming years. The level of heavy metal contamination in sediments was low in 2011 (5.853) and 2012 (5.172), and moderate during 2013 to 2016 (in the range of 6.107 to 7.598), while the degree of potential ecological risk was low in the study period, except moderate in 2013 (125.107). The highest contamination degree and potential ecological risk appeared in 2013 (Cd = 7.598; RI = 125.107), while Cd and Hg contributed over 75% of the ecological risk. Overall, the results show low pollution level and low potential ecological risk in the northern Hangzhou Bay; however, more attention should be paid to the potential ecological risk due to Hg and Cd.

Graphical abstract

Spatial distribution of the heavy metal levels in the sediment of the coastal environment of the northern Hangzhou Bay on a long-term basis

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgments

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the sponsors.

Funding

The present work was supported by Shanghai Municipal Oceanic Bureau (Hu Haike: 2015-03-02). The authors received the funding support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Hao Xu, Huahong Yang, Yamei Yu & Jinping Cheng

  2. Marine Forecast Center of East China Sea, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai, 200081, China

    Huahong Yang

  3. Administrative Service Center, Shanghai Municipal Oceanic Bureau, Shanghai, 200050, China

    Qiyun Ge, Zhenyi Jiang & Yang Wu

  4. School of Environmental, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Deming Han

Authors
  1. Hao Xu
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  2. Huahong Yang
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  3. Qiyun Ge
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  4. Zhenyi Jiang
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  5. Yang Wu
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  6. Yamei Yu
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  7. Deming Han
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  8. Jinping Cheng
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Contributions

Conceptualization: [Hao Xu], [Huahong Yang]. Methodology: [Hao Xu], [Huahong Yang], [Qiyun Ge]. Formal analysis and investigation: [Huahong Yang], [Yamei Yu], [Yang Wu]. Software: [Deming Han]. Data Curation and visualization: [Yamei Yu], [Zhenyi Jiang]. Validation: [Yang Wu], [Zhenyi Jiang]. Writing—original draft preparation: [Hao Xu]. Writing—review and editing: [Huahong Yang], [Jinping Cheng], [Qiyun Ge]. Funding acquisition: [Jinping Cheng]. Resources: [Huahong Yang], [Yamei Yu]. Supervision: [Jinping Cheng].

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Correspondence to Jinping Cheng.

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Highlights

Enhanced pollution level of Cd and As in the seawater during 2011 to 2016.

The highest heavy metal pollution degree and ecological risk appeared in 2013.

Cd and Hg contributed over 75% of the ecological risk in sediment over the years.

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Xu, H., Yang, H., Ge, Q. et al. Long-term study of heavy metal pollution in the northern Hangzhou Bay of China: temporal and spatial distribution, contamination evaluation, and potential ecological risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10718–10733 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11110-6

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