Source apportionment of carbon monoxide over India: a quantitative analysis using MOZART-4

Yarragunta, Yesobu; Srivastava, Shuchita; Mitra, Debashis; Chandola, Harish Chandra

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11099-y

Research Article
Published: 17 October 2020

Source apportionment of carbon monoxide over India: a quantitative analysis using MOZART-4

Yesobu Yarragunta^1,2,
Shuchita Srivastava¹,
Debashis Mitra¹ &
Harish Chandra Chandola²

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 8722–8742 (2021)Cite this article

270 Accesses
4 Citations
Metrics details

Abstract

MOZART-4 chemistry transport model has been used to examine the contribution of carbon monoxide (CO) from different source regions/types by tagging their emissions in model simulations. These simulations are made using tagged tracer approach to estimate the relative contribution of different geographical regions and different emission sources, such as anthropogenic or biomass burning to the CO concentration at the surface, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and in the free troposphere (FT) over the Indian sub-continent. The CO budget analyses highlight the significant contribution of the Indian emissions on surface CO and influence of chemical production on the free tropospheric CO concentration. The total CO mixing ratio is estimated as 263 ± 139 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for surface, 177 ± 71 ppbv for PBL, and 112 ± 14 ppbv for FT. The percentage contributions of primary sources are found to be 80%, 68%, and 53% at the surface, in the PBL, and in the FT, respectively. The sub-regional analysis of India shows that anthropogenic and photochemical processes contribute 41–75% and 15–46% CO, respectively, at the surface. Maximum percentage contribution of anthropogenic CO is observed over Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern India (75%). CO contribution from local anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions and transported from other global source regions are analyzed over the Indian region at the surface, in the PBL, and in the FT. The local anthropogenic sources contribute largest to the surface CO over India with 108 ppbv, followed by China with 98 ppbv, Europe with 55 ppbv, North America (NA) with 46 ppbv, and South-east Asia (SEA) and Middle East (ME) with 23 ppbv each. India’s PBL (FT) CO is mostly influenced by China’s anthropogenic emissions with 12 ppbv (8 ppbv) followed by SEA with 7 ppbv (6 ppbv). Surface biomass burning CO over India (6 ppbv) is much lower than in other regions such as SEA (32 ppbv), Africa (24 ppbv), and South America (11 ppbv). In the PBL (FT), SEA and Africa’s BB emissions show major impact on CO over India with 6 ppbv (5 ppbv) and 5 ppbv (4 ppbv), respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Ahlm L, Nilsson ED, Krejci R, Mårtensson EM, Vogt M, Artaxo P (2009) Aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season. Atmos Chem Phys 9(24):9381–9400. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9381-2009
CAS Article Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee PS, Singh RP, Nédélec P (2015) Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide and ozone from MOZAIC aircraft over Delhi India during 2003–2005. Meteorog Atmos Phys 127(2):229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-014-0349-x
Article Google Scholar
Bian H, Chin M, Kawa SR, Duncan B, Arellano A, Kasibhatla P (2007) Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(23). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008376
Boynard A, Pfister GG, Edwards DP (2012) Boundary layer versus free tropospheric CO budget and variability over the United States during summertime. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117(4):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016416
CAS Article Google Scholar
Chevallier F, Fortems A, Bousquet P, Pison I, Szopa S, Devaux M, Hauglustaine DA (2009) African CO emissions between years 2000 and 2006 as estimated from MOPITT observations. Biogeosciences 6(1):103–111. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-103-2009
CAS Article Google Scholar
CPCB (2011) Air quality monitoring emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian cities 225. December 2010
Cuchiara GC, Rappenglück B, Rubio MA, Lissi E, Gramsch E, Garreaud RD (2017) Modeling study of biomass burning plumes and their impact on urban air quality; a case study of Santiago de Chile. Atmos Environ 166:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.002
CAS Article Google Scholar
Dalvi M, Beig G, Patil U, Kaginalkar A, Sharma C, Mitra PP (2006) A GIS based methodology for gridding of large-scale emission inventories: application to carbon-monoxide emissions over Indian region. Atmos Environ 40(16):2995–3007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.013
CAS Article Google Scholar
de Laat AT, Lelieveld J, Roelofs GJ, Dickerson RR, Lobert JM (2001) Source analysis of carbon monoxide pollution during INDOEX 1999. J Geophys Res-Atmos 106(D22):28481–28495. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900769
Article Google Scholar
Dey S, Di Girolamo L (2010) A climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) data. J Geophys Res 115(D15):D15204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013395
Article Google Scholar
Drori R, Dayan U, Edwards DP, Emmons LK, Erlick C (2012) Attributing and quantifying carbon monoxide sources affecting the Eastern Mediterranean: a combined satellite modelling and synoptic analysis study. Atmos Chem Phys 12(2):1067–1082. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1067-2012
CAS Article Google Scholar
Duncan BN, Logan JA, Bey I, Megretskaia IA, Yantosca RM, Novelli PC, Jones NB, Rinsland CP (2007) Global budget of CO 1988–1997: source estimates and validation with a global model. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(22):1988–1997. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008459
CAS Article Google Scholar
Ehhalt D, Prather M (2001) Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis 239–287. https://doi.org/10.2753/JES1097-203X330403
Emmons LK, Walters S, Hess PG, Lamarque JF, Pfister GG, Fillmore D, Granier C, Guenther A, Kinnison D, Laepple T, Orlando J, Tie X, Tyndall G, Wiedinmyer C, Baughcum SL, Kloster S (2010) Description and evaluation of the model for ozone and related chemical tracers version 4 (MOZART-4). Geosci Model Dev 3(1):43–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010
Article Google Scholar
Fadnavis S, Buchunde P, Ghude SD, Kulkarni SH, Beig G (2011) Evidence of seasonal enhancement of CO in the upper troposphere over India. Int J Remote Sens 32(22):7441–7452. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.523733
Article Google Scholar
Fisher JA, Murray LT, Jones DBA, Deutscher NM (2017) Improved method for linear carbon monoxide simulation and source attribution in atmospheric chemistry models illustrated using GEOS-Chem v9. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions (May) 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-94
Folkins I, Martin RV (2005) The vertical structure of tropical convection and its impact on the budgets of water vapor and ozone. J Atmos Sci 62(5):1560–1573. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3407.1
Article Google Scholar
Gaubert B, Arellano AF, Barré J, Worden HM, Emmons LK, Tilmes S, Buchholz RR, Vitt F, Raeder K, Collins N, Anderson JL, Wiedinmyer C, Martinez Alonso S, Edwards DP, Andreae MO, Hannigan JW, Petri C, Strong N (2016) Toward a chemical reanalysis in a coupled chemistry-climate model: an evaluation of MOPITT CO assimilation and its impact on tropospheric composition. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121(12):7310–7343. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024863
CAS Article Google Scholar
Ghude SD, Fadnavis S, Beig G, Polade SD, van der A RJ (2008) Detection of surface emission hot spots trends and seasonal cycle from satellite-retrieved NO2 over India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113(20): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009615
Girach IA, Nair PR (2014) On the vertical distribution of carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal during winter: role of water vapour and vertical updrafts. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 117(2014):31–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.05.003
CAS Article Google Scholar
Girach IA, Ojha N, Nair PR, Tiwari YK, Ravi Kumar K (2018) Variations of trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon. Journal of Earth System Science 127(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0915-y
Goswami K, Choudhury HK, Saikia J (2012) Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of slash and burn agriculture in North East India. Forest Policy Econ 15:146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.11.005
Article Google Scholar
Guenther A, Karl T, Harley P, Wiedinmyer C, Palmer PI, Geron C (2006) Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6(1):107–173. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-107-2006
Article Google Scholar
Guttikunda SK, Kopakka RV, Dasari P, Gertler AW (2013) Receptor model-based source apportionment of particulate pollution in Hyderabad India. Environ Monit Assess 185(7):5585–5593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2969-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Hack JJ (1994) Parameterization of moist convection in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). Atmos Res 99(93):5551–5568
Article Google Scholar
Holloway T, Levy H, Kasibhatla P (2000) Global distribution of carbon monoxide. J Geophys Res 105(D10):12123–12147. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901173
CAS Article Google Scholar
Holstlag A, Boville BA (1993) Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J Clim 6:1825–1842
Article Google Scholar
Hooghiemstra PB, Krol MC, Van Leeuwen TT, Van Der Werf GR, Novelli PC, Deeter MN, Aben I, Röckmann T (2012) Interannual variability of carbon monoxide emission estimates over South America from 2006 to 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117(15):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017758
CAS Article Google Scholar
Imran Asatar G, Nair PR (2010) Spatial distribution of near-surface CO over bay of Bengal during winter: role of transport. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 72(17):1241–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.025
Article Google Scholar
Kasischke ES, Hyer EJ, Novelli PC, Bruhwiler LP, French NHF, Sukhinin AI, Hewson JH, Stocks BJ (2005) Influences of boreal fire emissions on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 19(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002300
CAS Article Google Scholar
Kumar R, Naja M, Pfister GG, Barth MC, Brasseur GP (2013) Source attribution of carbon monoxide in India and surrounding regions during wintertime. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118(4):1981–1995. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50134
CAS Article Google Scholar
Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T, Hanayama S, Janssens-Maenhout G, Fukui TK, Kawashima K, Akimoto H (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. Atmos Chem Phys 13(21):11019–11058. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013
CAS Article Google Scholar
Lal S, Chand D, Sahu LK, Venkataramani S, Brasseur G, Schultz MG (2006) High levels of ozone and related gases over the Bay of Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001. Atmos Environ 40(9):1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.060
CAS Article Google Scholar
Lamarque JF, Bond TC, Eyring V, Granier C, Heil A, Klimont Z, Lee D, Liousse C, Mieville A, Owen B, Schultz MG, Shindell D, Smith SJ, Stehfest E, Van Aardenne J, Cooper OR, Kainuma M, Mahowald N, McConnell JR, Naik V, Riahi K, van Vuuren DP (2010) Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. Atmos Chem Phys 10(15):7017–7039. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010
CAS Article Google Scholar
Li M, Zhang Q, Kurokawa JI, Woo JH, He K, Lu Z, Ohara T, Song Y, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, Cheng Y, Hong C, Huo H, Jiang X, Kang S, Liu F, Su H, Zheng B (2017) MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP. Atmos Chem Phys 17(2):935–963. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017
CAS Article Google Scholar
Lin SJ, Rood RB (1996) Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes. Mon Weather Rev 124(9):2046–2070. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2046
Article Google Scholar
Liu J, Logan JA, Murray LT, Pumphrey HC, Schwartz MJ, Megretskaia IA (2013) Transport analysis and source attribution of seasonal and interannual variability of CO in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Atmos Chem Phys 13(1):129–146. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-129-2013
CAS Article Google Scholar
Mahapatra PS, Panda S, Walvekar PP, Kumar R, Das T, Gurjar BR (2014) Seasonal trends meteorological impacts and associated health risks with atmospheric concentrations of gaseous pollutants at an Indian coastal city. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(19):11418–11432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3078-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Mallik C, Lal S, Venkataramani S, Naja M, Ojha N (2013) Variability in ozone and its precursors over the Bay of Bengal during post monsoon: transport and emission effects. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118(17):10190–10209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50764
Article Google Scholar
Nair VS, Moorthy KK, Alappattu DP, Kunhikrishnan PK, George S, Nair PR, Babu S, Abish B, Satheesh SK, Tripathi SN, Niranjan K, Madhavan BL, Srikant V, Dutt CB, Badarinath KVS, Reddy RR (2007) Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the indo-Gangetic plain (IGP): impacts of local boundary layer processes and long-range transport. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(13):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008099
CAS Article Google Scholar
Naja M, Lal S (2002) Surface ozone and precursor gases at Gadanki (13.5°N 79.2°E) a tropical rural site in India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 107(D14): 4197. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000357
Naja M, Lal S, Chand D (2003) Diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface ozone at a high altitude site Mt Abu (24.6N 72.7E 1680 m asl) in India. Atmos Environ 37(30):4205–4215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00565-X
CAS Article Google Scholar
Nandi I, Srivastava S, Yarragunta Y, Kumar R, Mitra D (2020) Distribution of surface carbon monoxide over the Indian subcontinent: investigation of source contributions using WRF-Chem. Atmos Environ 243(July):117838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117838
CAS Article Google Scholar
Novelli PC, Masarie K, Lang PM (1998) Distributions and recent changes of carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere. J Geophys Res 103(D15):19015–19033. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD01366
CAS Article Google Scholar
Ohara T, Akimoto H, Kurokawa J, Horii N, Yamaji K, Yan X, Hayasaka T (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020. Atmos Chem Phys 7(3):6843–6902. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-6843-2007
Article Google Scholar
Park K, Rhee TS (2015) Source characterization of carbon monoxide and ozone over the northwestern Pacific in summer 2012. Atmos Environ 111:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.015
CAS Article Google Scholar
Park M, Randel WJ, Emmons LK, Livesey NJ (2009) Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114(8):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010621
CAS Article Google Scholar
Pfister GG, Avise J, Wiedinmyer C, Edwards DP, Emmons LK, Diskin GD, Podolske J, Wisthaler A (2011) CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB. Atmos Chem Phys 11(15):7515–7532. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011
CAS Article Google Scholar
Pfister GG, Pétron G, Emmons LK, Gille JC, Edwards DP, Lamarque JF, Attie JL, Granier C, Novelli PC (2004) Evaluation of CO simulations and the analysis of the CO budget for Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 109:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004691
CAS Article Google Scholar
Purkait NN, De S, Sen S, Chakrabarty DK (2009) Surface ozone and its precursors at two sites in the northeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics 38(2):86–97
CAS Google Scholar
Ramachandran S, Kedia S, Srivastava R (2012) Aerosol optical depth trends over different regions of India. Atmos Environ 49:338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.017
CAS Article Google Scholar
Rasch PJ, Mahowald NM, Eaton BE (1997) Representations of transport convection and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: implications for the modeling of short-lived and soluble species. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 102(23):28127–28138. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02087
CAS Article Google Scholar
Reeves CE, Formenti P, Afif C, Ancellet G, Attié JL, Bechara J, Borbon A, Cairo F, Coe H, Crumeyrolle S, Fierli F, Flamant C, Gomes L, Hamburger T, Jambert C, Law KS, Mari C, Jones RL, Matsuki A, Mead MI, Methven J, Mills GP, Minikin A, Murphy JG, Nielsen JK, Oram DE, Parker DJ, Richter A, Schlager H, Schwarzenboeck A, Thouret V (2010) Chemical and aerosol characterisation of the troposphere over West Africa during the monsoon period as part of AMMA. Atmos Chem Phys 10(16):7575–7601. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7575-2010
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Lal S (2006) Distributions of C2-C5 NMHCs and related trace gases at a tropical urban site in India. Atmos Environ 40(5):880–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.021
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Lal S, Venkataramani S (2006) Distributions of O3 CO and hydrocarbons over the bay of Bengal: a study to assess the role of transport from southern India and marine regions during September-October 2002. Atmos Environ 40(24):4633–4645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.037
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Sheel V, Kajino M, Nedelec P (2013) Variability in tropospheric carbon monoxide over an urban site in Southeast Asia. Atmos Environ 68:243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.057
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Sheel V, Kajino M, Deushi M, Yadav R, Nedelec P (2018) Impact of the tropical cyclone Nilam on the vertical distribution of carbon monoxide over Chennai on the Indian peninsula. Q J R Meteorol Soc 144(713):1091–1105. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3276
Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Sheel V, Ojha N (2019) The influence of local meteorology and convection on carbon monoxide distribution over Chennai. Journal of Earth System Science 128(5):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1156-z
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sahu LK, Sheel V, Kajino M, Deushi M, Sachin SG, Sinha PR, Yadav R, Devendra P, Nedelec P, Thouret V, Herman GS (2016) Impact of tropical convection and ENSO variability in vertical distributions of CO and O3 over an urban site of India. Clim Dyn https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3353-7, 49, 449, 469
Sheel V, Sahu LK, Kajino M, Deushi M, Stein O, Nedelec P (2014) Seasonal and interannual variability of carbon monoxide based on MOZAIC observations MACC reanalysis and model simulations over an urban site in India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119(14):9123–9141. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021425
CAS Article Google Scholar
Srinivas R, Beig G, Peshin SK (2016) Role of transport in elevated CO levels over Delhi during onset phase of monsoon. Atmos Environ 140:234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.003
CAS Article Google Scholar
Srivastava S, Lal S, Subrahamanyam DB, Gupta S, Venkataramani S, Rajesh T (2010) Seasonal variability in mixed layer height and its impact on trace gas distribution over a tropical urban site: Ahmedabad. Atmos Res 96(1):79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.11.015
CAS Article Google Scholar
Srivastava S, Lal S, Venkataramani S, Guha I, Bala Subrahamanyam D (2012) Airborne measurements of O₃ CO CH⁴ and NMHCs over the Bay of Bengal during winter. Atmos Environ 59:597–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.054
CAS Article Google Scholar
Srivastava S, Lal S, Venkataramani S, Gupta S, Acharya YB (2011) Vertical distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during ICARB-2006: effects of continental outflow. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116(13):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015298
CAS Article Google Scholar
Srivastava S, Sheel V (2013) Study of tropospheric CO and O₃ enhancement episode over Indonesia during autumn 2006 using the model for ozone and related chemical tracers (MOZART-4). Atmos Environ 67:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.067
CAS Article Google Scholar
Stroppiana D, Brivio PA, Grégoire JM, Liousse C, Guillaume B, Granier C, Mieville A, Chin M, Pétron G (2010) Comparison of global inventories of CO emissions from biomass burning derived from remotely sensed data. Atmos Chem Phys 10(24):12173–12189. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12173-2010
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sudo K, Akimoto H (2007) Global source attribution of tropospheric ozone: long-range transport from various source regions. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(12):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007992
CAS Article Google Scholar
Tanimoto H, Sato K, Butler T, Lawrence MG, Fisher J, Kopacz M, Robert MY, Kanaya KS, Okuda T, Tanaka S, Zeng J (2009) Exploring CO pollution episodes observed at Rishiri Island by chemical weather simulations and AIRS satellite measurements: long-range transport of burning plumes and implications for emissions inventories. Tellus B 61(2):394–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00407.x
CAS Article Google Scholar
Tilmes S, Emmons LK, Law KS, Ancellet G, Schlager H, Paris JD, Fuelberg HE, Streets DG, Wiedinmyer C, Diskin GS, Kondo Y, Holloway J, Schwarz JP, Spackman JR, Campos T, Nédélec P, Panchenko MV (2011) Source contributions to Northern Hemisphere CO and black carbon during spring and summer 2008 from POLARCAT and START08/preHIPPO observations and MOZART-4. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(2):5935–5983. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-5935-2011
Article Google Scholar
Ukpebor EE, Ukpebor JE, Eromomene F, Odiase JI, Okoro D (2010) Spatial and diurnal variations of carbon monoxide (CO) pollution from motor vehicles in an urban centre. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 19(4):817–823
CAS Google Scholar
Vadrevu KP, Ellicott E, Badarinath KVS, Vermote E (2011) MODIS derived fire characteristics and aerosol optical depth variations during the agricultural residue burning season North India. Environ Pollut 159(6):1560–1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.001
CAS Article Google Scholar
Vadrevu KP, Giglio L, Justice C (2013) Satellite based analysis of fire–carbon monoxide relationships from forest and agricultural residue burning (2003–2011). Atmos Environ 64:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.055
CAS Article Google Scholar
van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Kasibhatla PS, Arellano F (2006) Interannual variability of global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6(2):3175–3226. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-3175-2006
Article Google Scholar
Venkataraman C, Habib G, Kadamba D, Shrivastava M, Leon JF, Crouzille B, Boucher O, Streets DG (2006). Emissions from open biomass burning in India: integrating the inventory approach with high-resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active-fire and land cover data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20(GB2013). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002547
Wigley TML, Smith SJ, Prather MJ (2002) Radiative forcing due to reactive gas emissions. J Clim 15(18):2690–2696. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015
Article Google Scholar
Xiao Y, Jacob DJ, Turquety S (2007) Atmospheric acetylene and its relationship with CO as an indicator of air mass age. J Geophys Res 112(D12):D12305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008268
CAS Article Google Scholar
Yarragunta Y, Srivastava S, Mitra D (2017) Validation of lower tropospheric carbon monoxide inferred from MOZART model simulation over India. Atmos Res 184:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.09.010
CAS Article Google Scholar
Yarragunta Y, Srivastava S, Mitra D, Chandola HC (2018) Seasonal and spatial variability of ozone inferred from global chemistry transport model simulations over India. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV (November): 20–23. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-375-2018
Yarragunta Y, Srivastava S, Mitra D, Chandola HC (2020) Influence of forest fire episodes on the distribution of gaseous air pollutants over Uttarakhand India. GIScience & Remote Sensing 57(2):190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2020.1712100
Article Google Scholar
Yarragunta Y, Srivastava S, Mitra D, Le Flochmoën E, Barret B, Kumar P, Chandola HC (2019) Source attribution of carbon monoxide and ozone over the Indian subcontinent using MOZART-4 chemistry transport model. Atmos Res 227(April):165–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.04.019
CAS Article Google Scholar
Yashiro H, Sugawara S, Sudo K, Aoki S, Nakazawa T (2009) Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide over the western part of the Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 114(D8):D08305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010876
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zhang GJ, McFarlane NA (1995) Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate Centre general circulation model. Atmosphere - Ocean 33(3):407–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539
Article Google Scholar
Zhang Q, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, He KB, Huo H, Kannari A, Klimont Z, Park IS, Reddy S, Fu JS, Chen D, Duan L, Lei Y, Wang LT, Yao ZL (2009) Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos Chem Phys 9:5131–5153. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009
CAS Article Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Director IIRS and Dean IIRS for their help and support. We are very much thankful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that have improved the quality of our paper substantially.

Availability of data and materials

The MOZART model simulations will be available upon request from the corresponding author.

Funding

The present research was funded by the ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) with grant number: E3Z1701TF505.

Author information

Affiliations

Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, India
Yesobu Yarragunta, Shuchita Srivastava & Debashis Mitra
Department of Physics, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
Yesobu Yarragunta & Harish Chandra Chandola

Authors

Yesobu Yarragunta
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Shuchita Srivastava
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Debashis Mitra
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Harish Chandra Chandola
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Yesobu Yarragunta: Software, formal analysis, investigation, and writing (original draft). Shuchita Srivastava: conceptualization, visualization, resources, supervision, writing (review and editing), project administration, and funding acquisition. Debashis Mitra: Project administration, writing (review and editing), Harish Chandra Chandola: Supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shuchita Srivastava.

Ethics declarations

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 1332 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yarragunta, Y., Srivastava, S., Mitra, D. et al. Source apportionment of carbon monoxide over India: a quantitative analysis using MOZART-4. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 8722–8742 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11099-y

Download citation

Received: 04 February 2020
Accepted: 01 October 2020
Published: 17 October 2020
Issue Date: February 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11099-y

Keywords

Carbon monoxide
MOZART-4
Tagged tracer method
Source attribution
Indian sub-continent
Potential source regions