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The Cramer’s rule for the parametrization of phenol and its hydroxylated byproducts: UV spectroscopy vs. high performance liquid chromatography

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 6746–6757 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

A linear algebra theorem like Cramer’s rule was used for the analysis of a system of equations obtained from UV spectroscopy, and results were compared against those obtained from HPLC analysis. This parametrization allowed to quantify the concentration of the main intermediate products detected along the photodegradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation of TiO2. UV spectroscopy data for phenol, hydroquinone, and benzoquinone were analyzed using the Cramer’s rule. The overlapping interference of the intermediate products in the UV spectra was corrected. It can be concluded that the Cramer’s rule can be used for the parametrization of the UV absorbance data of phenol and its main intermediate products. This methodology permitted to obtain the concentration of phenol and their intermediate products by UV-visible with a high precision in comparison of HPLC. The parametrization showed a correlation coefficient of ca. 0.9775 between the phenol concentration obtained by UV spectroscopy and values obtained from HPLC analysis. In this sense, results can be considered with good precision, and accordingly, it can be concluded that the methodology is reliable, and UV-visible spectroscopy can be selected instead of HPLC in much of the experiments concerning with aqueous-phase reactions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Framework Agreement between the Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the act of agreement established between the Chemistry Departments of the two universities, under which this research was conducted. Y.S. Murillo-Acevedo thanks to Colombian COLCIENCIAS National Doctorate Fellow No. 757. J.C. Moreno-Piraján thanks the grant for the funding of research programs for Associate Professors, Full Professors, and Emeritus Professors announced by the Sciences Faculty of the Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), 20-01-2020, 20-01-2022, according to the project: INV-2019-84-1786. P.S. Poon thanks ANID-PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. J. Matos acknowledges the Chilean projects: ANID-FONDECYT 1190591 and the Millennium Science Initiative of the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, Chile, grant Nuclei on Catalytic Processes towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC).

Funding

The authors thank the Framework Agreement between the Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the act of agreement established between the Chemistry Departments of the two universities, under which this research was conducted. Y.S. Murillo-Acevedo thanks to Colombian COLCIENCIAS National Doctorate Fellow No. 757. J.C. Moreno-Piraján thanks the grant for the funding of research programs for Associate Professors, Full Professors, and Emeritus Professors announced by the Sciences Faculty of the Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), 20-01-2020, 20-01-2022, according to the project: INV-2019-84-1786. P.S. Poon thanks ANID-PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. J. Matos acknowledges the Chilean projects: ANID-FONDECYT 1190591 and the ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - NCN17_040. 

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Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Yesid S. Murillo-Acevedo & Juan C. Moreno-Piraján

  2. Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia

    Liliana Giraldo

  3. Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile

    Po S. Poon

  4. Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8900000, Santiago, Chile

    Juan Matos

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  1. Yesid S. Murillo-Acevedo
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  2. Liliana Giraldo
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  3. Po S. Poon
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  4. Juan Matos
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Contributions

Yesid S. Murillo-Acevedo has participated in (a) conception and design, and design or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) experiments and characterization. Liliana Giraldo has participated in (a) conception and design, and design or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Po S. Poon has participated have participated in (a) interpretation of the data; (b) experiments and characterization. Juan Matos has participated in (a) conception and design, and design or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; (c) experiments and characterization; and (d) approval of the final version. Juan C. Moreno-Piraján has participated in (a) conception and design, and design or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; (c) experiments and characterization; and (d) approval of the final version.

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Correspondence to Juan Matos or Juan C. Moreno-Piraján.

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Murillo-Acevedo, Y.S., Giraldo, L., Poon, P.S. et al. The Cramer’s rule for the parametrization of phenol and its hydroxylated byproducts: UV spectroscopy vs. high performance liquid chromatography. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 6746–6757 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10897-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10897-8

Keywords

  • Cramer’s rule
  • UV spectroscopy
  • HPLC
  • Parametrization
  • By-product analysis
  • Phenol photodegradation