Abstract
Alterations of global DNA methylation have been evaluated in several studies worldwide; however, Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements-1 (LINE-1) methylation in genetically conserved populations such as indigenous communities have not, to our knowledge, been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between LINE-1 methylation patterns and factors such as pesticide exposure and socio-cultural characteristics in the Indigenous Huichol Population of Nayarit, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 140 Huichol indigenous individuals. A structured questionnaire was used to determine general and anthropometric characteristics, diet, harmful habits, and pesticide exposure. DNA methylation was determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. A lower level of LINE-1 methylation was found in the indigenous population when compared to a Mestizo population previously studied by our group. This difference might be due to the influence of the genetic admixture and differing dietary and lifestyle habits. The males in the indigenous population exhibited increased LINE-1 methylation in comparison to the females. Sex and alcohol consumption showed positive associations with LINE-1 methylation, while weight, current work in the field, current pesticide usage, and folate intake exhibited negative associations with LINE-1 methylation. The results suggest that ethnicity, as well as other internal and environmental factors, might influence LINE-1 methylation.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank PhD. Leticia Yañez-Estrada and the team of the Gender, Health and Environmental Laboratory of the Medicine Faculty, San Luis Potosi Autonomous University, for to provide the necessary tools for the DAP determination. Also, we thank to PhD Isabel Alvarado-Cruz and PhD Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega of the Toxicology Department (CINVESTAV-IPN) for their help in the methylation analysis.
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The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Also, the datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the individual privacy could be compromised, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding
This work was supported by CONACyT (SALUD-2015-C02-262284) and Pesticide Toxicology Network-CONACyT Mexico 280045.
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DMPC: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing —original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. AERG: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing. IMMD: conceptualization, methodology, writing - original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing and supervision. KSR: methodology, writing— original draft preparation and Writing—review and editing. JFHM: methodology, formal analysis,—original draft preparation, Writing— review and editing. BSBV: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing and supervision. CAGA: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing. YYBH: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing, funding acquisition and resources. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Some participants did not speak or understand Spanish, in those cases, members of their own community helped to explain the objectives of the project. Additionally, this study was approved by the Bioethics Commission of the State of Nayarit (CEBN/01/2016).
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Paredes-Céspedes, D.M., Rojas-García, A.E., Medina-Díaz, I.M. et al. Environmental and socio-cultural impacts on global DNA methylation in the indigenous Huichol population of Nayarit, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 4472–4487 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10804-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10804-1