Abstract
In this study, binary and ternary mixed metal oxide anodes of Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4 and Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 were prepared using two different heating methods: conventional furnace and alternative CO2 laser heating. The produced anodes were physically and electrochemically characterized by using different techniques. The main difference found in the laser-made anodes was their more compact morphology, without the common deep cracks found in anodes made by typical thermal decomposition, which showed an important correlation with the prolonged accelerated service life. The correlation between the physicochemical properties of the anodes with their performance towards the 4-nitrophenol oxidations is discussed. The results demonstrated that the ternary anode (Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2) is very promising, presenting a kinetic 5.7 times faster than the respective binary anode and the highest removal efficiency when compared with conventionally made anodes. Also, the lowest energy consumption per unit of mass of contaminant removed is seen for the laser-made Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 anode, which evidences the excellent cost–benefit of this anode material. Finally, some by-products were identified, and a degradation route is proposed.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the Núcleo de Estudos Coloidais (NUESC/ITP) for the SEM measurements.
Funding
Financial support from the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (grants 304419/2015-0, 305438/2018-2, 310572/2016-9, 409017/2016-7 and 142034/2020-7), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES (88882.365552/2018-01 and 88881.187890/2018-01), and FAPITEC/SE.
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Highlights
• Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 has better properties than Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4, no matter the heating method
• The laser-made Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 has the largest amount of electrocatalytic sites
• The laser-made Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 shows enhanced performance towards 4-NP removal
• The ternary laser-made anode needs low energy to reduce 4-NP by 1 order of magnitude
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Dória, A.R., Santos, G.O.S., Pelegrinelli, M.M.S. et al. Improved 4-nitrophenol removal at Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 laser-made anodes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 23634–23646 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10451-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10451-6