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Evaluating the size distribution characteristics and sources of atmospheric trace elements at two mountain sites: comparison of the clean and polluted regions in China

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Abstract

Size-resolved trace metal concentrations at two background sites were assessed during a 1-year observation campaign, with the measurements performed in parallel at two mountain sites, where Mt. Dinghu (DHS) located in the rural region of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Mt. Gongga (GGS) located in the Tibetan Plateau region. In total, 15 selected trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb) in aerosol samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The major metals in these two mountain sites were Fe, K, Mg, and Ca with concentrations ranging between 241 and 1452 ng/m3, 428 and 1351 ng/m3, 334 and 875 ng/m3, and 376 and 870 ng/m3, respectively, while the trace metals with the lowest concentrations were Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl with concentrations lower than 4 ng/m3 in DHS and 2 ng/m3 in GGS. The pronounced seasonal variability in the trace elements was observed in DHS, with lower concentrations in spring and summer and relatively high in winter and autumn, whereas seasonal variance of trace elements is hardly observed in Mt. Gongga. The size distribution pattern of crustal elements of Al, Mg, K, Ba, and Fe was quite similar in DHS and GGS, which were mainly found in coarse particles peaked at 4.7–5.8 μm. In addition, V, Mo, Ag, and Tl were also concentrated in coarse particles, although the high enrichment factor (EF > 100) of which suggested anthropogenic origin, whereas trace metals of Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, and Pb concentrated in fine mode particles. Specifically, these trace metals peak at approximately 1.5 μm in DHS, while those in GGS peaked at diameter smaller than 0.3 μm, indicating the responsible for long-range transport from the far urban and industrialized areas. Multivariate receptor model combined with the enrichment factor results demonstrated that the trace elemental components at these two background sites were largely contributed from the fossil fuel combustion (55.4% in DHS and 44.0% in GGS) and industrial emissions factors (20.1% vs. 26.5%), which are associated with long distance transport from the coastal area of Southeast China and the Northwestern India, respectively, as suggested by the backward air mass trajectory analysis. Local sources from soil dust contributed a minor variance for trace elements in DHS (9.7%) and GGS (13.8%), respectively.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ze Meng and Keqin Wang for the operation of the sampling site and their contributions to the field sampling work. We also gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model used in this publication.

Funding

This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2 017YFC0210000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41705110) and National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China

    Zirui Liu, Bo Hu, Tianxue Wen, Jinyuan Xin & Yuesi Wang

  2. National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China

    Yongjie Yang

  3. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China

    Deqiang Zhang

  4. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Wei Li

  5. Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China

    Yuesi Wang

  6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Yuesi Wang

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  1. Zirui Liu
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Liu, Z., Hu, B., Yang, Y. et al. Evaluating the size distribution characteristics and sources of atmospheric trace elements at two mountain sites: comparison of the clean and polluted regions in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 42713–42726 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10213-4

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