Abstract
India enacted a smoke-free law in 2003. It is believed that smoke-free workplaces will lead to more smoking in private places such as homes. The national Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2) India 2016–2017 collects information on the self-reported prevalence of SHS exposure in homes and workplaces. The present study utilised the GATS 2 dataset to establish the association between working in a smoke-free workplace and living in a smoke-free home. 70.1% of respondents who worked indoors reported smoke-free workplace; 64.5% of respondents reported that they live in a smoke-free home. Respondents who reported that their workplace was smoke-free were significantly more likely to live in smoke-free homes compared with those who are exposed to SHS at the workplace (69.5% vs 45.5%, AOR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.1). Males, urban residents, family with fewer members, non-smokers and non-smokeless tobacco users were significantly more likely to live in a smoke-free home. Significant differences were also observed with respect to religion, caste, region and education levels. Our results provide conclusive evidence to support that smoke-free workplaces influence smoke-free homes in India. Thus, it highlights the importance of accelerating the implementation of existing national tobacco control legislation on smoke-free public places.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhtar PC, Haw SJ, Currie DB, Zachary R, Currie CE (2009) Smoking restrictions in the home and secondhand smoke exposure among primary schoolchildren before and after introduction of the Scottish smoke-free legislation. Tob Control 18:409–415. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.030627
Bhatt N, Aghi M, Shewade H, Lal P, Gupta V, Kumar AMV, Tripathi GK, Singh RJ (2018) Do smoke-free laws or policies impact smoking at home? A comparison between smoke-free and nonsmoke-free jurisdiction in India. Int J Noncommunicable Dis 3:28. https://doi.org/10.4103/jncd.jncd_38_17
Brown A, Moodie C, Hastings G (2009) A longitudinal study of policy effect (smoke-free legislation) on smoking norms: ITC Scotland/United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 11:924–932. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp087
Collaborators GBD 2016 Risk Factors Emmanuela, Afshin A, Abajobir AA et al (2017) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390:1345–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8
Drope J, Schluger NW (eds) (2018) The tobacco atlas. Sixth Edn, American Cancer Society
Emmons KM, Abrams DB, Marshall R, Marcus BH, Kane M, Novotny TE, Etzel RA (1994) An evaluation of the relationship between self-report and biochemical measures of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Prev Med (Baltim) 23:35–39. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1005
GTSS Collaborative Group (2006) A cross country comparison of exposure to secondhand smoke among youth. Tob Control 15(Suppl 2):ii4–ii19. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.015685
Holliday JC, Moore GF, Moore LA (2009) Changes in child exposure to secondhand smoke after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Wales: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 9:430. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-430
Kaleta D, Polanska K, Usidame B (2015) Smoke-free workplaces are associated with protection from second-hand smoke at homes in Nigeria: evidence for population-level decisions. Biomed Res Int 2015:618640–618648. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/618640
Khaiwal R, Tripathy JP, Tripathy NK (2016) Dynamics of multi-stakeholder engagement and its role in achieving high compliance of a tobacco control programme. World Dev Perspect 3:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WDP.2016.10.002
King BA, Mirza SA, Babb SD, GATS Collaborating Group (2013) A cross-country comparison of secondhand smoke exposure among adults: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Tob Control 22:e5. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050582
Kumar R, Goel S, Harries AD, Lal P, Singh RJ, Kumar AMV, Wilson NC (2014) How good is compliance with smoke-free legislation in India? Results of 38 subnational surveys. Int Health 6:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu028
Lee JT, Agrawal S, Basu S, Glantz SA, Millett C (2014) Association between smoke-free workplace and second-hand smoke exposure at home in India. Tob Control 23:308–312. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050817
Mons U, Nagelhout GE, Allwright S, Guignard R, van den Putte B, Willemsen MC, Fong GT, Brenner H, Pötschke-Langer M, Breitling LP (2013) Impact of national smoke-free legislation on home smoking bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys. Tob Control 22:e2–e9. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050131
Nazar GP, Lee JT, Glantz SA, Arora M, Pearce N, Millett C (2014) Association between being employed in a smoke-free workplace and living in a smoke-free home: evidence from 15 low and middle income countries. Prev Med (Baltim) 59:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.017
Singh A, Sahoo N (2013) Urban-rural differentials in the factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke in India. BMJ Open 3:e003542. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003542
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2017) Global Adult Tobacco Survey GATS 2 India 2016–17
The World Bank (2020) World Bank Country and Lending Groups: Country classification. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed 16 Jun 2020
Tripathy JP, Goel S, Patro BK (2013) Compliance monitoring of prohibition of smoking (under section-4 of COTPA) at a tertiary health-care institution in a smoke-free city of India. Lung India 30:312–315. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.120607
Warner KE, Smith RJ, Smith DG, Fries BE (1996) Health and economic implications of a work-site smoking-cessation program: a simulation analysis. J Occup Environ Med 38:981–992. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199610000-00008
World Health Organization WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008. Geneva: Switzerland
World Health Organization (2020) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. https://www.who.int/fctc/en/. Accessed 16 Jun 2020
World Health Organization and International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Volume 83 Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Lyon, France
Data availability statement
This study analyses a nationally representative survey database which is available freely in public domain.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JPT conceived the idea, performed data analysis, interpreted the data and prepared the manuscript. JPT has read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tripathy, J.P. Smoke-free workplaces are associated with smoke-free homes in India: evidence for action. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 41405–41414 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10107-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10107-5