Hydrogeochemical evaluation, suitability, and health risk assessment of groundwater in the watershed of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India

Marghade, Deepali; Malpe, Deepak. B.; Duraisamy, Karunanidhi; Patil, Pravin D.; Li, Peiyue

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10032-7

Recent Environmental Geochemical Trends
Published: 10 July 2020

Hydrogeochemical evaluation, suitability, and health risk assessment of groundwater in the watershed of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India

Deepali Marghade ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9442-2866¹,
Deepak. B. Malpe²,
Karunanidhi Duraisamy³,
Pravin D. Patil⁴ &
Peiyue Li^5,6

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 18471–18494 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

In this investigation, the geochemical progression of a total of 31 groundwater samples of pre-monsoon season was assessed with categorization based on entropy weight water quality index and risk assessment on public health in the semi-arid area of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India. Graphically, the major groundwater types identified were Ca–HCO₃, mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, and mixed Ca–Na–HCO₃. Based on [Mg²⁺/Na⁺] with [Ca²⁺/Na⁺] and [HCO₃⁻/Na⁺] with [Ca²⁺/Na⁺] plots, carbonate and silicate weathering were identified as a major geochemical process governing groundwater chemistry. The presence of reverse ion exchange process was authenticated by (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) vs. (HCO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻) and Na⁺ + K⁺–Cl⁻ vs. (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)–(HCO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻) plots. The saturation index values for calcite and dolomite showed that these minerals were in dissolution state. The dissolution of gypsum, dolomite, and anhydrite increased Ca²⁺ load in groundwater which accelerated the precipitation of calcite. The high toxic level of NO₃⁻ (> 45 mg/L) was identified in 64.5% of the 31 groundwater samples, whereas F⁻ concentration exceeded the threshold value in 12.9% of samples. Based on the entropy weight water quality index values, 70% of the samples were found to have moderate quality for drinking. In addition, health risk evaluation showed that the total hazard, due to fluoride and nitrate through oral pathways, was much higher than that through the dermal pathway. Children were found to be at high risk due to the consumption of NO₃⁻ and F⁻ contaminated water. The calculated irrigation water quality index (IWQI) diverge from 7.4–89.2, expressing excellent to good quality for irrigation. Based on the irrigation water quality index, 90.3% of samples were found excellent for irrigation and 6.4% of good quality for irrigation. Authors recommend that continuous water quality monitoring programs along with effective management practices should be developed to avoid excessive extraction of groundwater.

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Dr. Peiyue Li is grateful for the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41602238 and 41761144059), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of CHD (300102299301), the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (161098), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M580804, 2016M590911, 2016T090878, and 2017T100719), the Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015BSHTDZZ09 and 2016BSHTDZZ03), and the Ten Thousand Talent Program (W03070125).

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Affiliations

Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur, 440019, India
Deepali Marghade
Department of Geology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, India
Deepak. B. Malpe
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
Karunanidhi Duraisamy
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
Pravin D. Patil
School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
Peiyue Li
Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, China
Peiyue Li

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Deepali Marghade
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Deepak. B. Malpe
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Karunanidhi Duraisamy
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Pravin D. Patil
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Peiyue Li
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Correspondence to Deepali Marghade.

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Marghade, D., Malpe, D.B., Duraisamy, K. et al. Hydrogeochemical evaluation, suitability, and health risk assessment of groundwater in the watershed of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 18471–18494 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10032-7

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Received: 26 March 2020
Accepted: 06 July 2020
Published: 10 July 2020
Issue Date: April 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10032-7

Keywords

Geochemical processes
Nitrate pollution
Entropy weight water quality index
Health risks
Irrigation indexes
Groundwater
India