Abstract
As an agricultural fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used and has adverse effects on various organisms. In order to evaluate the ecological safety risks of PEN, the bioaccumulation and toxic effects of PEN in earthworms were studied. Specifically, the results show that the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of PEN in earthworms reaches its maximum within 1 day, and then decreases slowly. It reached its lowest value after 14 days of PEN exposure and then rose again. In addition, oxidative stress and metabolic disorder of the earthworm with PEN exposure were assessed. After PEN exposure, the related indicators of oxidative stress involved in the activities of SOD and CAT and the contents of GSH and MDA all changed significantly in earthworms. Moreover, metabolomics analysis of earthworms showed disturbed metabolic profiles following PEN exposure. Respectively, PEN exposure significantly altered the relative abundances of 14 metabolites in earthworms. In general, exposure to PEN caused oxidative stress and metabolic profile disorders of earthworms. The results of this study will be helpful for further evaluation of soil ecological security of PEN.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksakal FI, Ciltas AJC (2018) Developmental toxicity of penconazole in Zebrfish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chemosphere. 200:8–15
Brown SAE, McKelvie JR, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ (2010) H-1 NMR metabolomics of earthworm exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of phenanthrene in soil. Environ Pollut 158:2117–2123
Chaabane M, Soudani N, Benjeddou K, Turki M, Makni FA, Boudawara T et al (2015) The protective potential of Nitraria retusa on penconazole-induced hepatic injury in adult rats. Toxicol Environ Chem 97:1253–1264
Chaabane M, Tir M, Hamdi S, Boudawara O, Jamoussi K, Boudawara T et al (2016) Improvement of heart redox states contributes to the beneficial effects of selenium against penconazole-induced cardiotoxicity in adult rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 169:261–270
Craig S, Kate J, Karen G, Laura M, John C, Paul T et al (2016) Development of a biomarker for penconazole: a human oral dosing study and a survey of UK residents’ exposure. Toxics. 4:10
Forcella M, Berra E, Giacchini R, Rossaro B, Parenti P (2007) Increased alanine concentration is associated with exposure to fenitrothion but not carbamates in Chironomus riparius larvae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66:326–334
Haritash AK, Kaushik CP (2009) Biodegradation aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review. J Hazard Mater 169:1–15
Hickman ZA, Reid, BJ (2008) Increased microbial catabolic activity in diesel contaminated soil following addition of earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) and compost. Soil Biol Biochem 40:2970–2976
Husak VV, Mosiichuk NM, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI (2017) Acute exposure to the penconazole-containing fungicide Topas partially augments antioxidant potential in goldfish tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 193:1–8
Kenyon DM, Dixon GR, Helfer S (1997) The repression and stimulation of growth of Erysiphe sp. on Rhododendron by fungicidal compounds. Plant Pathol 46:425–431
Li Y, Tang H, Hu Y, Wang X, Ai X, Tang L, Matthew C, Cavanagh J, Qiu J (2016) Enrofloxacin at environmentally relevant concentrations enhances uptake and toxicity of cadmium in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in farm soils. J Hazard Mater 308:312–320
Liang R, Chen J, Shi Y, Lu Y, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Xu X, Zheng X, Khan K, Su C (2018) Toxicological effects on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-209 from a metabolic point. Environ Pollut 240:653–660
Lin K-HR, Tsou C-C, Hwang S-Y, Chen L-FO, Lo H-F (2006) Paclobutrazol pre-treatment enhanced flooding tolerance of sweet potato. J Plant Physiol 163:750–760
McKelvie JR, Yuk J, Xu Y, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ (2009) H-1 NMR and GC/MS metabolomics of earthworm responses to sub-lethal DDT and endosulfan exposure. Metabolomics 5:84–94
Meng Z, Liu L, Jia M, Li R, Yan S, Tian S, Sun W, Zhou Z, Zhu W (2019) Impacts of penconazole and its enantiomers exposure on gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in mice. J Agric Food Chem 67:8303–8311
Mercadante R, Polledri E, Scurati S, Moretto A, Fustinoni S (2016) Identification of metabolites of the fungicide penconazole in human urine. Chem Res Toxicol 29:1179–1186
Mercadante R, Polledri E, Rubino FM, Mandic-Rajcevic S, Vaiani A, Colosio C, Moretto A, Fustinoni S (2019) Assessment of penconazole exposure in winegrowers using urinary biomarkers. Environ Res 168:54–61
Mizock BA (1995) Alterations in carbohydrate-metabolism during stress-a review of the literature. Am J Med 98:75–84
Newsholme P, Procopio J, Lima MMR, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R (2003) Glutamine and glutamate - their central role in cell metabolism and function. Cell Biochem Funct 21:1–9
OECD (2004) Test No. 222: Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/andrei) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris
Pendaries C, Tronchere H, Plantavid M, Payrastre B (2003) Phosphoinositide signaling disorders in human diseases. FEBS Lett 546:25–31
Perdichizzi S, Mascolo MG, Silingardi P, Morandi E, Rotondo F, Guerrini A, Prete L, Vaccari M, Colacci A (2014) Cancer-related genes transcriptionally induced by the fungicide penconazole. Toxicol in Vitro 28:125–130
Pose-Juan E, Rial-Otero R, Lopez-Periago JE (2010) Sorption of penconazole applied as a commercial water-oil emulsion in soils devoted to vineyards. J Hazard Mater 182:136–143
Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Parker D (2004) Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys 287:R502–R516
Saint-Denis M, Labrot F, Narbonne JF, Ribera D (1998) Glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes, and catalase activities in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35:602–614
Shi Y, Xu X, Chen J, Liang R, Zheng X, Shi Y, Wang Y (2018) Antioxidant gene expression and metabolic responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after exposure to various concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane. Environ Pollut 232:245–251
Singh N (2005) Mobility of four triazole fungicides in two Indian soils. Pest Manag Sci 61:191–196
Song P, Ping L, Gao J, Li X, Zhu M, Wang J (2018) Ecotoxicological effects of fertilizers made from pulping waste liquor on earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 166:237–241
Velki M, Hackenberger BK (2013) Biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin using different toxicity tests. Chemosphere 90:1216–1226
Xing Y, Meng X, Wang L, Zhang J, Wu Z, Gong X, Wang C, Sun H (2018) Effects of benzotriazole on copper accumulation and toxicity in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). J Hazard Mater 351:330–336
Xu X, Shi Y, Lu Y, Zheng, X, Ritchie R J (2015) Growthinhibition and altered gene transcript levels in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69:1–7
Zhang R, Zhou Z (2019) Effects of the chiral fungicides metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M on the earthworm Eisenia fetida as determined by H-1-NMR-based untargeted metabolomics. Molecules 24:1293
Funding
The authors received financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0200202) and the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Chris Lowe
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 243 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, R., Meng, Z., Sun, W. et al. Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of penconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following soil exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 38056–38063 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09815-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09815-9