Exploring the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in the midst of financial development, openness, and foreign direct investment in New Zealand: insights from ARDL bound test

Villanthenkodath, Muhammed Ashiq; Arakkal, Muhamed Faizudheen

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09664-6

Research Article
Published: 19 June 2020

Exploring the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in the midst of financial development, openness, and foreign direct investment in New Zealand: insights from ARDL bound test

Muhammed Ashiq Villanthenkodath¹ &
Muhamed Faizudheen Arakkal²

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 27, pages 36511–36527 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

The present research paper tries to explore the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in New Zealand by taking annual time series data from 1970 to 2017. The study also considers other variables like trade openness, financial development, and foreign direct investment. Depending on the nature of the selected variables, the study has utilized the autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL) model to explore the cointegration among the variables. The result verifies the existence of the long-run cointegration among the variables. Further, it confirms the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve. The estimated result also shows that trade openness, financial development, and foreign direct investment improves the environmental quality. Moreover, to verify the environmental Kuznets curve visually, we have plotted the CO₂ emissions and economic growth, and the scatter plot exhibits an inverted U–shaped relationship between CO₂ emissions and economic growth. The turnaround point of the plot with a single break is in 1987. These findings give a wide range of policies for economic growth and environmental quality in New Zealand.

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Notes

For more details of the environmental degradation in New Zealand, you can read from this link https://www.stats.govt.nz/.
Kindly have a look at the given link for detailed reading about the stated facts about greenhouses gases in New Zealand https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauriewinkless/2019/04/18/new-zealands-environment-is-in-serious-trouble.
This website of electricity authority of New Zealand (https://www.ea.govt.nz/operations/distribution/losses/) very clearly discuss the problems of energy transmission and the losses associated with the same. It divides the losses in to four: Technical losses, non-technical losses, Reconciliation losses and Unaccounted for electricity (UFE). This four types are not actually reported in the total energy consumption of New Zealand.
Detailed action plan of New Zealand is in the given link: https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/environment/climate-change/meeting-our-targets/.

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We gratefully acknowledge the editor and the anonymous referee for their constructive and useful comments on the earlier draft of this paper, which improved the paper substantially.

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Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
Muhammed Ashiq Villanthenkodath
Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
Muhamed Faizudheen Arakkal

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Villanthenkodath, M.A., Arakkal, M.F. Exploring the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in the midst of financial development, openness, and foreign direct investment in New Zealand: insights from ARDL bound test. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 36511–36527 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09664-6

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Received: 01 May 2020
Accepted: 08 June 2020
Published: 19 June 2020
Issue Date: October 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09664-6

Keywords

EKC
Environmental degradation
Growth
ARDL
FDI
Trade openness