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Radon concentration in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir: an evaluation for potential risk

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Abstract

Radon (222Rn), a radioactive gas resulted from the natural decay of other radioactive elements, pose a threat to the exposed human population. Radon gas emits along the seismically active faults and increased the 222Rn contamination in sorrounding water and soil. This study investigated the concentration of 222Rn in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur District, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir (AJK). For this purpose, water (n = 24) samples were collected from the bore wells of orderly located houses and soil field sampling (n = 12) along with the NE-SW directions of fracture in the Mirpur District. Determined 222Rn in drinking water surpassed the maximum contamination level (MCL, 11.1 kBq/m3) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 83%, 50%, and 33% of the sampling point at the site I, site II, and site III, respectively. However, that of soil 222Rn concentration was observed with the normal range (10–50 kBq/m3). Potential exposure of 222Rn consumption in drinking water was the mean effective dose through ingestion (EWing, 0.003 ± < 0.001 mSv/a), the effective dose for inhalation (EWInh, 0.038 ± 0.002 mSv/a), and the total effective dose of human (EWT, 0.041 ± 0.002 mSv/a). Exposure values along with the rupture showed multifold higher risk values (up to 4 times) compared to background sites. These values were observed within the limits (0.1 mSv/a) set by World Health Organization (WHO); however, surpassed the thresholds of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiations (UNSCEAR) for all exposure pathways. This study concluded that groundwater in the close vicinity should be avoided or boiled before used for drinking purposes.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the technical support of Mr. Iqbal Hussain and Mr. Zahid ur Rehman, Radon Lab, NCE, in Geology University of Peshawar, Pakistan.

Funding

The authors received financial support from the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan

    Said Muhammad, Rizwan Ullah, Syed Ali Turab, Muhammad Younis Khan, Nimat Ullah Khattak & Muhammad Asif Khan

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Correspondence to Said Muhammad.

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Muhammad, S., Ullah, R., Turab, S.A. et al. Radon concentration in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir: an evaluation for potential risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 32628–32636 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09589-0

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