Pollution status and human health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran

Jahandari, Ashkan

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08585-8

Research Article
Published: 24 April 2020

Pollution status and human health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran

Ashkan Jahandari¹

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 27, pages 23094–23107 (2020)Cite this article

698 Accesses
20 Citations
Metrics details

Abstract

Urban dust contamination is becoming progressively noticeable, and heavy metals are primary pollutants in urban environments. The contamination of heavy metals in urban dust has been affecting the urban citizens due to their adverse effects on human health, and understanding their effects is a crucial stage for its management. This study is a review of the reports of heavy metal pollution in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran, aimed at determining pollution status and health risk calculation on the nationwide scale, using geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (PER), and health risk assessment model. Six toxic elements, namely cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc were evaluated in this study. The results presented that the total heavy metal concentrations in the studied cities decreased in the sequences of Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the studied cities exceeded the Iran Standard Soil limits for residential areas. The mean levels of studied heavy metals for cities was in the order of Kermanshah > Tehran > Tabriz > Rafsanjan > Hamedan > Isfahan > Mashhad > Ahvaz > Abadan > Kerman > Bushehr > Kashan > Shiraz > Zahedan > Masjed-e-Soleiman > Arak. The Results of Igeo revealed that the pollution levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Zn in the studied cities ranged from unpolluted to moderate pollution categorizations. The mean potential ecological risk factor (Eⁱ_r) values were below (E^r_i < 40), showing a low ecological risk level. Also, Eⁱ_r values for all cities showed that Cd, Pb, and Cr had the highest ecological risks than other heavy metals. However, the total potential ecological risk index (RI) values for studied cities were 172.1, showing a moderate ecological risk level. Human health risk assessment evaluation showed that in contrast to adults, children have more possible health risks (non-carcinogenic). Among the multiple pathways of exposure, the ingestion pathway was the most important exposure for both groups of population, followed by skin exposure and then breathing exposure. Total hazard index (HI) values among three exposure routes, were less than harmless level (HI < 1), displaying that there was not a non-carcinogenic risk for both groups of population. Cancer risk (CR) study exhibited that the potential risk of cancer decreases in the order of chromium > nickel > cadmium. The CR ranks of chromium, nickel, and cadmium were less than the maximum permissible level, presented an insignificant carcinogenic risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Abreu PL, Cunha-Oliveira T, Ferreira LM, Urbano AM (2018) Hexavalent chromium, a lung carcinogen, confers resistance to thermal stress and interferes with heat shock protein expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. BioMetals 31(4):477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-018-0093-7
CAS Article Google Scholar
Adimalla N (2019) Heavy metals pollution assessment and its associated human health risk evaluation of urban soils from Indian cities: a review. Environ Geochem Health:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00324-4
Alloway B (2010) Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability, 3rd edn. Springer Publications, Berlin, p 614
Google Scholar
Alsbou EME, Al-Khashman OA (2018) Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil and street dust from Petra region, Jordan. Environ Monit Assess 190(1):48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6409-1
CAS Article Google Scholar
Aminiyan MM, Baalousha M, Mousavi R, Aminiyan FM, Hosseini H, Heydariyan A (2018a) The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: a case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(14):13382–13395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8539-y
Aminiyan MM, Baalousha M, Aminiyan FM (2018b) Evolution of human health risk based on EPA modeling for adults and children and pollution level of potentially toxic metals in Rafsanjan road dust: a case study in a semi-arid region, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(20):19767–19778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2176-y
CAS Article Google Scholar
Atapour H, Aftabi A (2007) The geochemistry of gossans associated with Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran: implications for exploration and the environment. J Geochem Explor 93(1):47–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.07.007
CAS Article Google Scholar
Atiemo SM, Ofosu FG, Aboh IJK, Oppon OC (2012) Levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust in selected major highways of Accra, Ghana. X-Ray Spectrom 41(2):105–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2374
CAS Article Google Scholar
Bao L, Wang S, Sun H, Huang W, Wang G, Nan Z (2019) Assessment of source and health risk of metal (loid) s in indoor/outdoor dust of university dormitory in Lanzhou City, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06365-7
Beck HJ, Birch GF (2012) Metals, nutrients and total suspended solids discharged during different flow conditions in highly urbanised catchments. Environ Monit Assess 184(2):637–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1992-z
CAS Article Google Scholar
Behravesh F, Mahmudi GM, Ghassemzadeh F, Avaz MS (2015) Determinaton of heavy metals pollution in traffic dust of Mashhad city, and its origins by using selective sequential extraction (SSE) procedure. Geosci J 24(95):141–150. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22071/GSJ.2015.42184
Article Google Scholar
Benhaddya ML, Boukhelkhal A, Halis Y, Hadjel M (2016) Human health risks associated with metals from urban soil and road dust in an oilfield area of southeastern Algeria. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70(3):556–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0244-6
CAS Article Google Scholar
Bhalerao SA, Sharma AS (2015) Chromium: as an environmental pollutant. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 4(4):732–746
CAS Google Scholar
Bini C, Bech J (2016) PHEs, environment and human health (potentially harmful elements in the environment and the impact on human health). Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3
Book Google Scholar
Birch GF, Scollen A (2003) Heavy metals in road dust, gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanised sub-catchment of port Jackson, Australia. Soil Res 41(7):1329–1342. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR02147
CAS Article Google Scholar
Birch GF, Vanderhayden M, Olmos M (2011) The nature and distribution of metals in soils of the Sydney estuary catchment, Australia. Water Air Soil Pollut 216(1–4):581–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0555-1
CAS Article Google Scholar
Budai P, Clement A (2018) Spatial distribution patterns of four trafficemitted heavy metals in urban road dust and the resuspension of brake-emitted particles: findings of a field study. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 62:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.02.014
Article Google Scholar
Chen X, Guo M, Feng J, Liang S, Han D, Cheng J (2019) Characterization and risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust from a developing city with good air quality and from Shanghai, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04550-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Cheng H, Hu Y (2010) Lead (Pb) isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China: a review. Environ Pollut 158(5):1134–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.028
CAS Article Google Scholar
Christoforidis A, Stamatis N (2009) Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala’s region. Greece Geoderma 151:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.04.016
CAS Article Google Scholar
Davis B, Birch G (2010) Comparison of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff from major and minor urban roads using pollutant yield rating curves. Environ Pollut 158(8):2541–2545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.021
CAS Article Google Scholar
Department of Environment Islamic Republic of Iran (DOE) (2014) Soil Quality Standards and its Guides, p. (161) (In Persian)
Doabi SA, Afyuni M, Karami M (2017) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals contamination in atmospheric dust of Kermanshah province, western Iran, during the spring and summer 2013. J Geochem Explor 180:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.06.007
CAS Article Google Scholar
Duncan AE, de Vries N, Nyarko KB (2018) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the River Pra and its tributaries. Water Air Soil Pollut 229(8):272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3899-6
CAS Article Google Scholar
Duong TT, Lee BK (2011) Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics. J Environ Manag 92(3):554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.010
CAS Article Google Scholar
Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN (2007) Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int J Phys Sci 2(5):112–118
Google Scholar
Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmos Environ 39(25):4501–4512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.026
CAS Article Google Scholar
Flem B, Eggen OA, Torgersen E, Kongsvik MK, Ottesen RT (2018) Urban geochemistry in Kristiansand, Norway. J Geochem Explor 187:21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.03.004
CAS Article Google Scholar
Ghadimi F, Ghomi M, Ranjbar M, Hajati A (2013) Statistical analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Arak, Iran. J. Energ. Environ. 4(4):406–418. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2013.04.04.13
Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, De Vivo B (2018) Ecological and human health risk assessment of toxic metals in street dusts and surface soils in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 41:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0184-y
CAS Article Google Scholar
Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Watts MJ (2019) Status, source, ecological and health risk assessment of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Abadan, Iran. Catena 177:246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.02.022
CAS Article Google Scholar
Goldstein GW, Asbury AK, Diamond I (1974) Pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy: uptake of lead and reaction of brain capillaries. Arch Neurol 31(6):382–389. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1974.00490420048005
CAS Article Google Scholar
Gong M, Wu L, Bi XY, Ren LM, Wang L, Ma ZD, Bao ZY, Li ZG (2010) Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan, central China. Environ Geochem Health 32(1):59–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9265-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Guan Q, Wang F, Xu C, Pan N, Lin J, Zhao R, Yang Y, Luo H (2018) Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: a case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Chemosphere 193:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.151
CAS Article Google Scholar
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14(8):975–1001
Article Google Scholar
Herath D, Pitawala A, Gunatilake J, Iqbal MCM (2018) Using multiple methods to assess heavy metal pollution in an urban city. Environ Monit Assess 190(11):657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7016-5
CAS Article Google Scholar
Hou S, Zheng N, Tang L, Ji X, Li Y, Hua X (2019) Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of human exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb pollution in urban street dust across China between 2009 and 2018. Environ Int 128:430–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.046
CAS Article Google Scholar
Hu J, Lin B, Yuan M, Lao Z, Wu K, Zeng Y et al (2018) Trace metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in agricultural soil in Dexing Pb/Zn mining area, China. Environ Geochem Health 41:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0193-x
CAS Article Google Scholar
Jafari F, Khademi H (2014) Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals concentration in atmospheric dust in Kerman City. J Environ Stud 40(2):361–373. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jes.2014.51205
Article Google Scholar
Javidaneh Z, Zarsevandi AR, RAST MF (2016) Determination of geo-environmental factors and source of heavy metals in street dust, Masjed-e-Soleiman City, Khouzestan Province. Iran J Health Environ 9(2):155–170 (In Persian)
Johri N, Jacquillet G, Unwin R (2010) Heavy metal poisoning: the effects of cadmium on the kidney. Biometals 23(5):783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9328-y
CAS Article Google Scholar
Kamani H, Ashrafi SD, Isazadeh S, Jaafari J, Hoseini M, Mostafapour FK, Bazrafshan E, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH (2015) Heavy metal contamination in street dusts with various land uses in Zahedan, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 94(3):382–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1453-9
CAS Article Google Scholar
Karimian Torghabeh A, Pimentel N, Jahandari A, Wang G (2018) Mineralogy, composition and heavy metals’ concentration, distribution and source identification of surface sediments from the saline Maharlou Lake (Fars Province, Iran). Environ Earth Sci 77(19):700–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7877-5
CAS Article Google Scholar
Karimian Torghabeh A, Pradhan B, Jahandari A (2019a) Assessment of geochemical and sedimentological characteristics of atmospheric dust in Shiraz, Southwest Iran. Geosci Front. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2019.08.004
Karimian Torghabeh A, Jahandari A, Jamasb R (2019b) Concentration, contamination level, source identification of selective trace elements in Shiraz atmospheric dust sediments (Fars Province, SW Iran). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04100-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Karimian Torghabeh A, Mahmudy Gharaie MH, Jahandari A (2019c) Mineralogical and ecological assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Maharlou Lake, Shiraz, Iran. Iran J Crystallogr Mineral 27(4):795–808 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.29252/ijcm.27.4.795
Karovic O, Tonazzini I, Rebola N, Edström E, Lövdahl C, Fredholm BB, Daré E (2007) Toxic effects of cobalt in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes: similarities with hypoxia and role of HIF-1α. Biochem Pharmacol 73(5):694–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.11.008
CAS Article Google Scholar
Khorasanipour M, Aftabi A (2011) Environmental geochemistry of toxic heavy metals in soils around Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine smelter plant, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 62(3):449–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0539-x
CAS Article Google Scholar
Kirel B, Aksit MA, Bulut H (2005) Blood lead levels of maternal-cord pairs, children and adults who live in a central urban area in Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 47(2):125–131
Google Scholar
Kräutler B (2019) Biological organometallic chemistry of vitamin B12-derivatives. In: Advances in Bioorganometallic Chemistry. Elsevier, pp 399–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814197-7.00020-0
Li Z, Ma Z, van der Kuijp TJ, Yuan Z, Huang L (2014) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 468:843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090
CAS Article Google Scholar
Li F, Zhang J, Huang J, Huang D, Yang J, Song Y, Zeng G (2016) Heavy metals in road dust from Xiandao District, Changsha City, China: characteristics, health risk assessment, and integrated source identification. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(13):13100–13113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6458-y
CAS Article Google Scholar
Liu E, Yan T, Birch G, Zhu Y (2014) Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China. Sci Total Environ 476:522–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.055
CAS Article Google Scholar
Luo XS, Ding J, Xu B, Wang YJ, Li HB, Yu S (2012) Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Sci Total Environ 424:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.053
CAS Article Google Scholar
Maanan M, El Barjy M, Hassou N, Zidane H, Zourarah B, Maanan M (2018) Origin andpotential ecological risk assessment of trace elements in the watershed topsoil and coastal sediment of the Oualidia lagoon, Morocco. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 24(3):602–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1394176
CAS Article Google Scholar
Men C, Liu R, Xu F, Wang Q, Guo L, Shen Z (2018) Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 612:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.123
CAS Article Google Scholar
Meng H, Wang L, He J, Wang Z (2016) The protective effect of gangliosides on lead (Pb)-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by autophagic pathways. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(4):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040365
CAS Article Google Scholar
Merrikhpour H, Mahdavi S (2017) Heavy-metal contamination and solid-phase fractionation in street dust. Arch Environ Occup Health 72(5):279–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2016.1219300
CAS Article Google Scholar
Meza-Figueroa D, De la O-Villanueva M, De la Parra ML (2007) Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Atmos Environ 41(2):276–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.034
CAS Article Google Scholar
Moradi Q, Mirzaei R (2017) Spatial variability analysis of heavy metals in street dusts of Kashan City. Iran J Health Environ 9(4):443–456 (In Persian)
Muller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol J 2:108–118
Google Scholar
Naderizadeh Z, Ayoubi S, Khademi H (2016) Assessment of concentration and heavy metals contamination in atmospheric dust from urban and industrial areas of Bushehr Province. J Nat Environ 69(2):531–548. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jne.2016.59763
Norouzi S, Khademi H, Ayoubi S, Cano AF, Acosta JA (2017) Seasonal and spatial variations in dust deposition rate and concentrations of dust-borne heavy metals, a case study from Isfahan, Central Iran. Atmos Pollut Res 8(4):686–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.12.015
Article Google Scholar
Oteiza PI, Mackenzie GG, Verstraeten SV (2004) Metals in neurodegeneration: involvement of oxidants and oxidant-sensitive transcription factors. Mol Asp Med 25(1–2):103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2004.02.012
CAS Article Google Scholar
Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H (2010) The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(4):1342–1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041342
CAS Article Google Scholar
Proshad R, Kormoker T, Islam S (2019) Distribution, source identification, ecological and health risks of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Rupsa River. Bangladesh Toxin Reviews:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2018.1564143
Rahman MS, Khan MDH, Jolly YN, Kabir J, Akter S, Salam A (2019) Assessing risk to human health for heavy metal contamination through street dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 660:1610–1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.425
CAS Article Google Scholar
Rostami S, Abessi O, Amini-Rad H (2019) Assessment of the toxicity, origin, biodegradation and weathering extent of petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone, Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 138:302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.034
CAS Article Google Scholar
Rout TK, Masto RE, Ram LC, George J, Padhy PK (2013) Assessment of human health risks from heavy metals in outdoor dust samples in a coal mining area. Environ Geochem Health 35(3):347–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9499-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M (2012) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater 227:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047
CAS Article Google Scholar
Safruk AM, McGregor E, Aslund MLW, Cheung PH, Pinsent C, Jackson BJ et al (2017) The influence of lead content in drinking water, household dust, soil, and paint on blood lead levels of children in Flin Flon, Manitoba and Creighton, Saskatchewan. Sci Total Environ 593:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.141
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sareban VH, Saeb S (2018) Heavy metal contamination in street precipitated dust in Tabriz City, Iran and its ecological risk. Biosci Biotech Res Comm11(2):291–299
Selinus O, Alloway BJ (2013) In: Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley P (eds) Essentials of medical geology. Springer, New York, p 820
Chapter Google Scholar
Shen HM, Zhang QF (1994) Risk assessment of nickel carcinogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 102(suppl 1):275–282. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s1275
CAS Article Google Scholar
Škrbić BD, Buljovčić M, Jovanović G, Antić I (2018) Seasonal, spatial variations and risk assessment of heavy elements in street dust from Novi Sad, Serbia. Chemosphere 205:452–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.124
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sobhanardakani S (2019) Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 187(2):602–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1383-1
CAS Article Google Scholar
Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). Selected Findings of National Population and Housing Census (2011) Available from: URL: https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/Iran/90.pdf (Accessed 7 Mar 2013)
Stern BR (2010) Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations. J Toxic Environ Health A 73(2–3):114–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390903337100
CAS Article Google Scholar
Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol 39(6):611–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473
CAS Article Google Scholar
Swaroop A, Bagchi M, Preuss HG, Zafra-Stone S, Ahmad T, Bagchi D (2019) Benefits of chromium (III) complexes in animal and human health. In: The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III). Elsevier, pp 251–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64121-2.00008-8
Tabatabaei T, Karbassi AR, Moatar F, Monavari SM (2015) Geospatial patterns and background levels of heavy metal in deposited particulate matter in Bushehr, Iran. Arab J Geosci 8(4):2081–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1241-6
CAS Article Google Scholar
Thorpe A, Harrison RM (2008) Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review. Sci Total Environ 400(1–3):270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.007
CAS Article Google Scholar
Trojanowska M, Świetlik R (2019) Investigations of the chemical distribution of heavy metals instreet dust and its impact on risk assessment for human health, case study of Radom (Poland). Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1619070
USEPA. (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part a), Interium Final, Vol. 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, office of Emergency and Remedial Response: Washington, DC
USEPA (1996) Soil screening guidance: technical background document. EPA/540/R–95/128. Office of soild waste and emergency response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
Google Scholar
USEPA (2001) Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER 9355.4–24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
Google Scholar
Van den Berg R (1994) Human exposure to soil contamination: a qualitative and quantitative analysis towards proposals for human toxicological intervention values (partly revised edition). RIVM rapport 725201011, Bilthoven, p 104
Waalkes MP (2003) Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen 533(1–2):107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011
CAS Article Google Scholar
Wei X, Gao B, Wang P, Zhou H, Lu J (2015) Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 112:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.005
CAS Article Google Scholar
Yang H, Huo X, Yekeen TA, Zheng Q, Zheng M, Xu X (2013) Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(7):4441–4447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1366-2
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zannoni D, Valotto G, Visin F, Rampazzo G (2016) Sources and distribution of tracer elements in road dust: the Venice mainland case of study. J Geochem Explor 166:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.04.007
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zgłobicki W, Telecka M, Skupiński S (2019) Assessment of short-term changes in street dust pollution with heavy metals in Lublin (E Poland)—levels, sources and risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06496-x
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zhang J, Deng H, Wang D, Chen Z, Xu S (2013) Toxic heavy metal contamination and risk assessment of street dust in small towns of Shanghai suburban area, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(1):323–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0908-y
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zhang M, Li X, Yang R, Wang J, Ai Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Liu B, Yu H (2019) Multipotential toxic metals accumulated in urban soil and street dust from Xining City, NW China: spatial occurrences, sources, and health risks. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 76(2):308–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-00592-8
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zhaoyong Z, Mamat A, Simayi Z (2019) Pollution assessment and health risks evaluation of (metalloid) heavy metals in urban street dust of 58 cities in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(1):126–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3555-0
CAS Article Google Scholar
Zheng N, Liu J, Wang Q, Liang Z (2010) Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, northeast of China. Sci Total Environ 408(4):726–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.075
CAS Article Google Scholar
Živančev JR, Ji Y, Škrbić BD, Buljovčić MB (2019) Occurrence of heavy elements in street dust from sub/urban zone of Tianjin: pollution characteristics and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci Health A 54(10):999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1631092
CAS Article Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

Graduated Student of Master of Science in Environmental Geology at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
Ashkan Jahandari

Authors

Ashkan Jahandari
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashkan Jahandari.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jahandari, A. Pollution status and human health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 23094–23107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08585-8

Download citation

Received: 19 September 2019
Accepted: 25 March 2020
Published: 24 April 2020
Issue Date: June 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08585-8

Keywords

Urban dust
Health risk assessment
Medical geology
Urban geochemistry
Iran