Intakes of phthalates by Japanese children and the contribution of indoor air quality in their residences

Yoshida, Toshiaki; Mimura, Mayumi; Sakon, Naomi

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08397-w

Research Article
Published: 26 March 2020

Intakes of phthalates by Japanese children and the contribution of indoor air quality in their residences

Toshiaki Yoshida¹,
Mayumi Mimura¹ &
Naomi Sakon¹

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 27, pages 19577–19591 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Some phthalates, which are used mainly as plasticizers, are suspected to be endocrine disruptors. In the present study, daily intakes of phthalates by Japanese children through all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality to the intakes were examined by measuring urinary phthalate metabolites in the children and the airborne phthalates in their residences. Spot urine samples excreted first after waking up in the morning were collected from the subjects aged 6 to 15 years (n = 132), and airborne phthalates were sampled in the subjects’ bedrooms for 24 h. Eight airborne phthalates and their urinary metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The daily intakes of the phthalates estimated were as follows (median, μg/kg b.w./day): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), 0.15; diethyl phthalate (DEP), 0.42; diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), 1.1; di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), 2.2; dicyclohexyl phthalate (DcHP), 0.026; benzylbutyl phthalate (BBzP), 0.032; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 6.3. The 95th percentile (21 μg/kg b.w./day) of the DEHP intakes exceeded the reference doses (RfD, 20 μg/kg b.w./day) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). DEHP was suggested to be the most notable phthalate from the perspective of adverse effects on the health of Japanese children. On the other hand, DcHP and di-n-hexyl phthalate were not considered to be very important as indoor air pollutants and as internal contaminants for the children. The contribution rates of the amounts absorbed by inhalation to the amounts absorbed via all of the exposure pathways were only 7.9, 4.4, 6.6, 3.2, 0.22, and 1.0% as the median for DMP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP, respectively. Therefore, inhalation did not seem to contribute very much as an absorption pathway of the phthalates for Japanese children while at home.

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Acknowledgments

I thank the staff of the Osaka Institute of Public Health for assistance with the collection of samples.

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese Government (MEXT)/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI [grant number 26460820].

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Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
Toshiaki Yoshida, Mayumi Mimura & Naomi Sakon

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Toshiaki Yoshida
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Mayumi Mimura
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Naomi Sakon
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Correspondence to Toshiaki Yoshida.

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This study was carried out after approval by the Ethical Review Committee of the Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of all the children before the study.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Yoshida, T., Mimura, M. & Sakon, N. Intakes of phthalates by Japanese children and the contribution of indoor air quality in their residences. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 19577–19591 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08397-w

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Received: 29 November 2019
Accepted: 11 March 2020
Published: 26 March 2020
Issue Date: June 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08397-w

Keywords

Phthalate
Urine
Indoor air
Children
Daily intake
Inhalation