Abstract
Sustainable development, while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend, is one of the most important development goals. In this review, the theories of five sustainable development pathways are presented, followed by a discussion on the influences of involuntary and voluntary practices. Specifically, this paper reviews the literature on limits to growth and on planetary boundaries, examines the critique of green growth, and outlines the debate between degrowth and a-growth. Then, the importance of economic recession as an involuntary instrument and working time reduction policies as a voluntary instrument in mitigating environmental pressure is examined. Policy implications are highlighted in the final section.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnarsson S, 2000. Productivity in the Icelandic fish processing industry 1985–1995 : a comparison of methods (No. 14). Reykjavik
Alesina A, Di Tella R, MacCulloch R (2004) Inequality and happiness: are Europeans and Americans different? J Public Econ 88:2009–2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006
Andreoni V, Galmarini S (2014) How to increase well-being in a context of degrowth. Futures 55:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2013.10.021
Asara V, Otero I, Demaria F, Corbera E (2015) Socially sustainable degrowth as a social–ecological transformation: repoliticizing sustainability. Sustain Sci 10:375–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0321-9
Ausubel JH, Waggoner PE, 2008. Dematerialization: variety, caution, and persistence, in: proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 12774–12779 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806099105
Barbier EB (2010) Global governance: the G20 and a global green new deal. Economics 4:37
Baum SD, Handoh IC (2014) Integrating the planetary boundaries and global catastrophic risk paradigms. Ecol Econ 107:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.024
Becchetti L, Giachin E, Pelloni A (2012) The relationship between social leisure and life satisfaction: causality and policy implications. Soc Indic Res 108:453–490
Bel G, Joseph S, 2014. Industrial emissions abatement: untangling the impact of the EU ETS and the economic crisis. Barcelona
Bordo MD, Haubrich JG (2010) Credit crises, money and contractions: an historical view. J Monet Econ 57:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2009.10.015
Bowen A, Fankhauser S (2011) The green growth narrative: paradigm shift or just spin? Glob Environ Chang 21:1157–1159
Bowen A, Forster PM, Gouldson A, Hubacek K, Martin R, O’Neill DW, Rap A, Rydge J, 2009. The implications of the economic slowdown for greenhouse gas emissions and targets. Leeds
Bowles S, Park Y (2005) Emulation, inequality , and work hours: was Thorsten Veblen right? Econ J 115:397–412
Bringezu S, Schütz H, Steger S, Baudisch J (2004) International comparison of resource use and its relation to economic growth: the development of total material requirement, direct material inputs and hidden flows and the structure of TMR. Ecol Econ 51:97–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.04.010
Claessens S, Kose MA, Terrones ME (2009) What happens during recessions, crunches and busts? Econ Policy:653–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.2013xxxxx
Declercq B, Delarue E, D’haeseleer W (2011) Impact of the economic recession on the European power sector’s CO2 emissions. Energy Policy 39:1677–1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.12.043
Demaria F (2017) When degrowth enters the parliament. Ecologist 2
Devetter F-X, Rousseau S (2011) Working hours and sustainable development. Rev Soc Econ 69:333–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.563507
Diamond ML, De Wit CA, Molander S, Scheringer M, Backhaus T, Lohmann R, Arvidsson R, Bergman Å, Hauschild M, Holoubek I, Persson L, Suzuki N, Vighi M, Zetzsch C (2015) Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution. Environ Int 78:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.001
Dinda S (2004) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecol Econ 49:431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
Doda B (2014) Evidence on business cycles and emissions. J Macroecon 40:214–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.01.003
Druckman A, Buck I, Hayward B, Jackson T (2012) Time, gender and carbon: a study of the carbon implications of British adults’ use of time. Ecol Econ 84:153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.008
Easterlin RA (2001) Income and happiness: towards a unified theory. Econ J 111:465–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667943
EEA, 2011. Recession accelerates the decline in EU greenhouse gas emissions. Eur Environ Agency 3–4
Everett T, Ishawaran L, Ansaloni GP, Rubin A, 2010. Economic growth and the environment, MPRA Paper
Fang K, Heijungs R, De Snoo GR (2015) Understanding the complementary linkages between environmental footprints and planetary boundaries in a footprint–boundary environmental sustainability assessment framework. Ecol Econ 114:218–226
Fishman T, Schandl H, Tanikawa H, Walker P, Krausmann F (2014) Accounting for the material stock of nations. J Ind Ecol 18:407–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12114
Fitzgerald JB, Jorgenson AK, Clark B (2015) Energy consumption and working hours: a longitudinal study of developed and developing nations, 1990–2008. Environ Sociol 1-11:213–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2015.1046584
Frank RH (2004) How not to buy happiness. Dædalus 27:69–79
Galeotti M, Lanza A, Pauli F (2006) Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a robustness exercise. Ecol Econ 57:152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.031
GCA, 2019. Global carbon atlas [WWW document]. Glob. Carbon Atlas. URL http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/?q=en/content/welcome-carbon-atlas (accessed 10.6.19)
Georgescu-roegen N, 1987. The entropy law and the economic process in retrospect
Georgescu-roegen N (1971) The entropy law and the economic process. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Gómez-Baggethun E, Naredo JM (2015) In search of lost time: the rise and fall of limits to growth in international sustainability policy. Sustain Sci 10:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0308-6
Gorz A (1982) Farewell to the working class. An essay on post-industrialism. Pluto Press, London
Hayden A, Shandra JM (2009) Hours of work and the ecological footprint of nations: an exploratory analysis. Local Environ Int J Justice Sustain 14:575–600. https://doi.org/10.1365/s35131-011-0274-y
Huang X (2018) Ecologically unequal exchange, recessions, and climate change: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Res 73:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.03.003
Jackson T (2009) Prosperity without growth: economics for a finite planet. Earthscan, London
Kallis G (2011) In defence of degrowth. Ecol Econ 70:873–880
Kallis G, Demaria F, D’Alisa G, 2014. Degrowth: a vocabulary for a new era, 1st ed. Barcelona
Kallis G, Kalush M, Flynn HO, Rossiter J, Ashford N (2013) “Friday off”: reducing working hours in Europe. Sustainability:1545–1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5041545
Kallis G, Kerschner C, Martinez-alier J (2012) The economics of degrowth. Ecol Econ 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.017
King LC, van den Bergh JCJ (2017) Worktime reduction as a solution to climate change: five scenarios compared for the UK. Ecol Econ 132:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.011
Knight KW, Rosa EA, Schor JB (2013) Could working less reduce pressures on the environment? A cross-national panel analysis of OECD countries, 1970–2007. Glob Environ Chang 23:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.017
Krausmann F, Gingrich S, Eisenmenger N, Erb K-H, Haberl H, Fischer-Kowalski M (2009) Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century. Ecol Econ 68:2696–2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.007
Latouche S (2010) Degrowth J Clean Prod 18:519–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.02.003
Lewis SL (2012) We must set planetary boundaries wisely. Nature 485:417
Mace GM, Reyers B, Alkemade R, Biggs R, Jennings S, Leadley P, Chapin FS, Cornell SE, Dı S, Mumby PJ, Purvis A, Scholes RJ, Seddon AWR, Solan M, Steffen W, Woodward G (2014) Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity. Glob Environ Chang J 28:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.009
Martínez-alier J, Pascual U, Vivien F, Zaccai E (2010) Sustainable de-growth: mapping the context, criticisms and future prospects of an emergent paradigm. Ecol Econ 69:1741–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.017
McDermott M, 2012. Cheaper natural gas behind 2009 drop in US emissions. TreeHugger
Meadows D, Meadows D, Randers J (1992) Beyond the limits, 1st edn. Chelsea Green Publishing, New York
Meadows D, Randers J, Meadows D, 2004. Limits to growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, VT, Vermont
Messenger JC, 2009. Work sharing: a strategy to preserve jobs during the global jobs crisis. Trav. Policy Br. No . 1
Messenger JC, Ghosheh N (2013) An introduction to work sharing: a strategy for preserving jobs, creating new employment and improving individual well-being. In: Work Sharing During The Great Recession: New developments and beyond. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 1–23
Nässén J, Larsson J, 2015. Would shorter work time reduce greenhouse gas emissions? An analysis of time use and consumption in Swedish households Environ Plan C Gov Policy 33. https://doi.org/10.1068/c12239
Obani PC, Gupta J (2015) The impact of economic recession on climate change: eight trends. Clim Dev 5529:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2015.1034226
OECD, 2014. Green growth in action: Germany [WWW document]. URL http://www.oecd.org/germany/greengrowthinactiongermany.htm (accessed 5.30.16)
OECD (2011) Towards green growth: a summary for policy makers May 2011, Oecd 50. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264111318-en
Parker L, Blodgett J, Yacobucci, BD, 2011. U.S. global climate change policy: evolving views on cost, competitiveness, and comprehensiveness. Washington
Pouwels B, Siegers J, Vlasblom JD (2008) Income, working hours, and happiness. Econ Lett 99:72–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.05.032
Presidential Commission on Green Growth (2009) Road to our future: green growth. National Strategy and the Five-Year Plan, Seoul, pp 2009–2013
Pullinger M (2014) Working time reduction policy in a sustainable economy: criteria and options for its design. Ecol Econ 103:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.009
Radcliff B (2005) Class organization and subjective well-being: a cross-national analysis. Soc Forces 84:513–530. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0118
Raworth K (2017) A doughnut for the Anthropocene: humanity’s compass in the 21st century. Lancet Planet Heal 1:e48–e49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30028-1
Raworth K (2012a) A safe and just space for humanity: can we live in the doughnut? Oxfam Discussion Papers, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849776257
Raworth K (2012b) Living in the doughnut. Nat Clim Chang 2:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1457
Rockström, J., 2015. Bounding the planetary future: why we need a great transition. Stockholm
Rockström J, Klum M (2015) Big world, small planet: abundance within planetary boundaries, 1st edn. Yale University Press, NewHaven
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson Å, Chapin FS 3rd, Lambin EF (2009) A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
Rosnick D, 2013. Reduced work hours as a means of slowing climate change. Real-World Econ. Rev. 124–135
Rosnick D, Weisbrot M (2006) Are shorter work hours good for the environment? A comparison of US and European energy consumption. Cent. Econ. Policy Res. (CEPR), Cambridge
Schaffartzik A, Mayer A, Gingrich S, Eisenmenger N, Loy C, Krausmann F (2014) The global metabolic transition: regional patterns and trends of global material flows, 1950-2010. Glob Environ Chang 26:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.013
Schneider F, Kallis G, Martinez-alier J (2010) Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue. J Clean Prod 18:511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014
Schor JB (2008) Sustainable consumption and worktime reduction. J Ind Ecol 9:37–50. https://doi.org/10.1162/1088198054084581
Shao Q, 2015. Effect of working time on environmental pressures: empirical evidence from EU-15, 1970–2010. Chinese J Popul Resour Environ 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2015.1033803
Shao Q, Rodríguez-Labajos B (2016) Does decreasing working time reduce environmental pressures? New evidence based on dynamic panel approach. J Clean Prod 125:227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.037
Shao Q, Schaffartzik A, Mayer A, Krausmann F (2017) The high ‘price’ of dematerialization: a dynamic panel data analysis of material use and economic recession. J Clean Prod 167:120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.158
Shao Q, Shen S (2017) When reduced working time harms the environment: a panel threshold analysis for EU-15, 1970–2010. J Clean Prod 147:319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.115
Sonnenschein J, Mundaca L (2016) Decarbonization under green growth strategies? The case of South Korea. J Clean Prod 123:180–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.060
Spangenberg JH, Lorek S (2002) Environmentally sustainable household consumption: from aggregate environmental pressures to priority fields of action. Ecol Econ 43:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00212-4
Statistics Finland, 2014. Economy-wide material flow accounts, environment and natural resources 2014. Helsinki
Steinberger JK, Krausmann F, Getzner M, Schandl H, West J (2013) Development and dematerialization: an international study. PLoS One 8:e70385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070385
Stern DI (2004) The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Dev 32:1419–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004
Sun JW (1999) The nature of CO2 emission Kuznets curve. Energy Policy 27:691–694
TCB, 2019. The conference board total economy database [WWW document]. URL http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase (accessed 1.20.19)
Thoits PA, Hewitt LN (2001) Volunteer work and well-being. J Health Soc Behav 42:115–131
UN, 2012. The future we want [WWW document]. URL https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf (accessed 3.21.16)
van den Bergh JCJM (2011) Environment versus growth — a criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth”. Ecol Econ 70:881–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.035
Victor P a (2012) Growth, degrowth and climate change: a scenario analysis. Ecol Econ 84:206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.013
Wagner LA (2002) Materials in the economy: material flows, scarcity, and the environment. U.S. Geological Survey circular 1221, Denver
WCED (1987) Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1080/07488008808408783
World Bank, 2019. World development indicators database [WWW document]. URL http://data.worldbank.org/news/new-country-classifications (accessed 5.17.19)
Wu Z, Schaffartzik A, Shao Q, Wang D, Li G (2019) Does economic recession reduce material use? Empirical evidence based on 157 economies worldwide. J Clean Prod 214:823–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.015
Xinhua News Agency, 2016. The 13th five year plan. Beijing
Young L (2015) Reality check: have greenhouse gas emissions decreased as the economy grows? Glob Canada. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Acknowledgments
Shao acknowledges the financial support provided by the State Scholarship Fund from the China Scholarship Council (grant no. 201306240017), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2019 M653047), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 71903131). Shao thanks Giorgos Kallis (ICREA Professor), Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos (ICTA, UAB), and Lei Rao (School of Economics, Sichuan University) for valuable feedback on earlier drafts and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shao, Q. Paving ways for a sustainable future: a literature review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 13032–13043 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08247-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08247-9