Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast

Cvitešić Kušan, Ana; Kroflič, Ana; Grgić, Irena; Ciglenečki, Irena; Frka, Sanja

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7

Research Article
Published: 13 January 2020

Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast

Ana Cvitešić Kušan¹,
Ana Kroflič²,
Irena Grgić²,
Irena Ciglenečki¹ &
Sanja Frka ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-6165¹

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 27, pages 10249–10264 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations at the Middle Adriatic coastal site of Croatia were affected by different air-mass inflows and/or local sources and meteorological conditions, and peaked in summer. More polluted continental air-mass inflows mostly affected the area in the winter period, while southern marine pathways had higher impact in spring and summer. Chemical characterization of the water-soluble inorganic and organic ionic constituents is discussed with respect to seasonal trends, possible sources, and air-mass inputs. The largest contributors to the PM_2.5 mass were sea salts modified by the presence of secondary sulfate-rich aerosols indicated also by principal component analysis. SO₄²⁻ was the prevailing anion, while the anthropogenic SO₄²⁻ (anth-nssSO₄²⁻) dominantly constituted the major non-sea-salt SO₄²⁻ (nssSO₄²⁻) fraction. Being influenced by the marine origin, its biogenic fraction (bio-nssSO₄²⁻) increased particularly in the spring. During the investigated period, aerosols were generally acidic. High Cl⁻ deficit was observed at Middle Adriatic location for which the acid displacement is primarily responsible. With nssSO₄²⁻ being dominant in Cl⁻ depletion, sulfur-containing species from anthropogenic pollution emissions may have profound impact on atmospheric composition through altering chlorine chemistry in this region. However, when accounting for the neutralization of H₂SO₄ by NH₃, the potential of HNO₃ and organic acids to considerably influence Cl⁻ depletion is shown to increase. Intensive open-fire events substantially increased the PM_2.5 concentrations and changed the water-soluble ion composition and aerosol acidity in summer of 2015. To our knowledge, this work presents the first time-resolved data evaluating the seasonal composition of water-soluble ions and their possible sources in PM_2.5 at the Middle Adriatic area. This study contributes towards a better understanding of atmospheric composition in the coastal Adriatic area and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at the coastal Adriatic and/or Mediterranean regions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors also acknowledge Jadranka Škevin Sović, Ana Šutić and Ivona Igrec from Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service for gravimetric measurements.

Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the projects “The Sulphur and Carbon Dynamics in the Sea and Fresh-Water Environment” (IP-11-2013-1205 SPHERE), Slovenian Research Agency (Contract No. P1-0034), STSM COST Action European Network on New Sensing Technologies for Air-Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability (EuNetAir), and Croatian-Slovenian bilateral project “Estimating the role of marine biogenic organosulfur compounds in the formation and properties of atmospheric organic aerosols.”

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Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
Ana Cvitešić Kušan, Irena Ciglenečki & Sanja Frka
Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ana Kroflič & Irena Grgić

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Sanja Frka
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Cvitešić Kušan, A., Kroflič, A., Grgić, I. et al. Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 10249–10264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7

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Received: 23 August 2019
Accepted: 02 January 2020
Published: 13 January 2020
Issue Date: April 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7

Keywords

PM_2.5
Water-soluble ions
Sea salt
Secondary sulfate
Aerosol acidity
Cl⁻ depletion
Adriatic Sea