Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP) is found as a pollutant in water, soil, and air, and adsorption is the most prominent removal process of this compound, among the methods studied. A study concerning the types of adsorbents and the parameters with the greatest influence on the adsorption process is interesting to direct future works on new adsorbents. The use of multivariate data analysis tools becomes an appealing way to compile data obtained from bibliographic reviews and to establish a behavior in NAP adsorption. This work aims to evaluate the parameters with greater influence on NAP adsorption process regarding adsorption capacity (qeexp) with the principal component analysis (PCA), and to group common NAP adsorbents by chemical characteristics through hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The variables qeexp, S, [NAP]0, T, CT, and [Ads] were used to perform PCA with correlation matrix. For the HCA, the variables S, [NAP]0, T, CT, and [Ads] with average linkage method (UPGMA) and Euclidean distance were used. Through PCA, it is possible to infer that S and [NAP]0 are the factors with greater influence in qeexp of NAP, while T, CT, and [Ads] have little correlation. PCA also shows that activated charcoal is the adsorbent with higher qeexp. HCA grouped the adsorbents into four groups by their chemical classes, except group A. Both PCA and HCA methods show themselves as potential tools to evaluate a data set of NAP adsorption processes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdi H, Williams LJ (2010) Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat 2:433–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101
Abu-Elella R, Ossman ME, Abd-Elfatah M, Elgendi A (2013) Kinetic modeling and isotherm study for naphthalene adsorption on boehmite nanopowder. Desalin Water Treat 51:3472–3481. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.749370
Anbia M, Moradi SE (2009) Removal of naphthalene from petrochemical wastewater streams using carbon nanoporous adsorbent. Appl Surf Sci 255:5041–5047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.12.065
Augulyte L, Kliaugaite D, Racys V, Jankunaite D, Zaliauskiene A, Bergqvist PA, Andersson PL (2009) Multivariate analysis of a biologically activated carbon (BAC) system and its efficiency for removing PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons from wastewater polluted with petroleum products. J Hazard Mater 170:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.129
Awoyemi A (2011) Understanding the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous phase onto activated carbon. University of Toronto
Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97:219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00263-7
Balati A, Shahbazi A, Amini MM, Hashemi SH (2015) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater by using silica-based organic–inorganic nanohybrid material. J Water Reuse Desalin 5:50. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.013
Bennett D, Canady WJ (1984) Thermodynamics of solution of naphthalene in various water-ethanol mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 106:910–915. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00316a013
Björk J, Hanke F, Palma CA et al (2010) Adsorption of aromatic and anti-aromatic systems on graphene through π-π stacking. J Phys Chem Lett 1:3407–3412. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz101360k
Bunn A, Korpela M (2015) Crossdating in dplR 2:1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.12.001
Cabal B, Ania CO, Parra JB, Pis JJ (2009) Kinetics of naphthalene adsorption on an activated carbon: comparison between aqueous and organic media. Chemosphere 76:433–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.002
Cargnin RS, do Nascimento PC, Ferraz LM et al (2017) Investigation of extraction and collection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions at different temperatures. Polycycl Aromat Compd 6638:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2017.1353529
Chuang JC, Wilson NK, Hannan SW (1987) Field comparison of polyurethane foam and XAD-2 resin for air sampling for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 21:798–804. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00162a011
Costa JAS, de Jesus RA, da Silva CMP, Romão LPC (2017) Efficient adsorption of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Si–MCM–41 mesoporous molecular sieve. Powder Technol 308:434–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.035
Cvejanov J, Škrbić BD (2017) Application of principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses in the classification of Serbian bottled waters and a comparison with waters from some other European countries. J Serbian Chem Soc 82:711–721. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170219034C
da Silva CMF, Rocha Qda C, Rocha PCS, et al (2015) Removal of naphthalene from aqueous systems by poly(divinylbenzene) and poly(methyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) resins. J Environ Manag 157:205–212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.025
de Medeiros Engelmann P, dos Santos VHJM, Barbieri CB et al (2018) Environmental monitoring of a landfill area through the application of carbon stable isotopes, chemical parameters and multivariate analysis. Waste Manag 76:591–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.027
Dias AN, Simão V, Merib J, Carasek E (2013) Cork as a new (green) coating for solid-phase microextraction: determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 772:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.021
Eeshwarasinghe D, Loganathan P, Kalaruban M, Sounthararajah DP, Kandasamy J, Vigneswaran S (2018) Removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water using granular activated carbon: kinetic and equilibrium adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:13511–13524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1518-0
Esteban M, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM (2006) Chemometrics for the analysis of voltammetric data. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 25:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2005.07.009
Fiehn O, Kopka J, Dörmann P, Altmann T, Trethewey RN, Willmitzer L (2000) Metabolite profiling for plant functional genomics. Nat Biotechnol 18:1157–1161. https://doi.org/10.1038/81137
Frescura LM, Pereira HA, da Silva FV et al (2018) A comparative study between high density polyethylene, polyurethane foam and amberlite XAD-2 in the removal of different PAHs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 0:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2018.1545680
Ge X, Tian F, Wu Z et al (2015) Adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution on coal-based activated carbon modified by microwave induction: microwave power effects. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 91:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.03.019
Gitipour S, Sorial GA, Ghasemi S, Bazyari M (2018) Treatment technologies for PAH-contaminated sites: a critical review. Environ Monit Assess 190:17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6936-4
Gök Ö, Özcan AS, Özcan A (2008) Adsorption kinetics of naphthalene onto organo-sepiolite from aqueous solutions. Desalination 220:96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.025
Gong R, Ding Y, Liu H et al (2005) Lead biosorption and desorption by intact and pretreated spirulina maxima biomass. Chemosphere 58:125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.055
Gong Z, Alef K, Wilke BM, Li P (2007) Activated carbon adsorption of PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation. J Hazard Mater 143:372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.037
Granato D, Santos JS, Escher GB et al (2018) Use of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for multivariate association between bioactive compounds and functional properties in foods: a critical perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 72:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.006
Halili J, Salihu F, Berisha A (2018) Covalent attachment of phenyl and carboxyphenyl layers derived from diazonium salts onto activated charcoal for the adsorption of pesticides. Maced J Chem Chem Eng 37:71–78. https://doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2017.1442
Hall S, Tang R, Baeyens J, Dewil R (2009) Removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water by adsorption on silicagel. Polycycl Aromat Compd 29:160–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406630903017534
Haro M, Cabal B, Parra JB, Ania CO (2011) On the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution. Adsorpt Sci Technol 29:467–478. https://doi.org/10.1260/0263-6174.29.5.467
Ho YS, McKay G (1998) A comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents. Process Saf Environ Prot 76:332–340. https://doi.org/10.1205/095758298529696
Huang J, Yang L, Wu X, et al (2013) Phenol adsorption on α,α’-dichloro-p-xylene (DCX) and 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (BCMBP) modified XAD-4 resins from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 222:1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.044
Jackson JE (1980) Principal components and factor analysis: part I—principal components. J Qual Technol 12:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1980.11980967
Jain A, Nandakumar K, Ross A (2005) Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems. Pattern Recogn 38:2270–2285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2005.01.012
Jolliffe IT, Cadima J, Cadima J (2016) Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments Subject Areas: Author for correspondence. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
Kaya EMÖ, Özcan AS, Gök Ö, Özcan A (2013) Adsorption kinetics and isotherm parameters of naphthalene onto natural- and chemically modified bentonite from aqueous solutions. Adsorption 19:879–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-013-9542-3
Khare P, Baruah BP, Rao PG (2011) Application of chemometrics to study the kinetics of coal pyrolysis: a novel approach. Fuel 90:3299–3305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.017
Kong H, He J, Gao Y et al (2011) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk–based carbon. J Environ Qual 40:1737. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0343
Lamichhane S, Bal Krishna KC, Sarukkalige R (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal by sorption: a review. Chemosphere 148:336–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.036
Liu JJJ, Wang XCC, Fan B (2011) Characteristics of PAHs adsorption on inorganic particles and activated sludge in domestic wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 102:5305–5311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.063
Liu J, Chen J, Jiang L, Yin X (2014) Adsorption of mixed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surfactant solutions by activated carbon. J Ind Eng Chem 20:616–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.024
Long C, Li A, Wu H, Liu F, Zhang Q (2008a) Polanyi-based models for the adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solutions onto nonpolar polymeric adsorbents. J Colloid Interface Sci 319:12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.10.052
Long C, Lu J, Li A, Hu D, Liu F, Zhang Q (2008b) Adsorption of naphthalene onto the carbon adsorbent from waste ion exchange resin: equilibrium and kinetic characteristics. J Hazard Mater 150:656–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.015
Long C, Li A, Wu H, Zhang Q (2009) Adsorption of naphthalene onto macroporous and hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent: effect of pore structure of adsorbents on thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 333:150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.09.037
Luo X, Mai B, Yang Q, Fu J, Sheng G, Wang Z (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides in water columns from the Pearl River and the Macao harbor in the Pearl River Delta in South China. Mar Pollut Bull 48:1102–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.018
Manoli E, Samara C (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural waters: sources, occurrence and analysis. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem 18:417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00111-9
Maria PC, Gal JF, De Franceschi J, Fargin E (1987) Chemometrics of the solvent basicity: multivariate analysis of the basicity scales relevant to nonprotogenic solvents. J Am Chem Soc 109:483–492. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00236a029
Meng X, Li H, Zhang Y et al (2016) Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their adsorption characteristics on activated sludge during biological treatment of coking wastewater. Desalin Water Treat 57:23633–23643. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1137233
Moura CP, Vidal CB, Barros AL, Costa LS, Vasconcellos LC, Dias FS, Nascimento RF (2011) Adsorption of BTX (benzene, toluene, o-xylene, and p-xylene) from aqueous solutions by modified periodic mesoporous organosilica. J Colloid Interface Sci 363:626–634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.054
Muehlethaler C, Massonnet G, Esseiva P (2011) The application of chemometrics on infrared and Raman spectra as a tool for the forensic analysis of paints. Forensic Sci Int 209:173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.025
Nascimento PC, Hilgemann M, Guterres MV et al (2007) Chemometric approach to assess the diene value in hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline by voltammetry. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 89:97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2007.06.004
Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Bürgi HB (1985) Cluster analysis of periodic distributions; application to conformational analysis. J Comput Chem 6:216–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540060309
Osagie EI, Owabor CN (2015) Adsorption of naphthalene on clay and sandy soil from aqueous solution. Adv Chem Eng Sci 5:345–351
Rajalahti T, Kvalheim OM (2011) Multivariate data analysis in pharmaceutics: a tutorial review. Int J Pharm 417:280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.019
Rohlf FJ, Fisher DR, Zoology S, Dec N (2007) Tests for hierarchical structure in random data sets Tests For Hierarchical Structure IN. 17:407–412
Sabaté J, Bayona J, Solanas A (2001) Photolysis of PAHs in aqueous phase by UV irradiation. Chemosphere 44:119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00208-3
Sciutto G, Oliveri P, Prati S et al (2017) A multivariate methodological workflow for the analysis of FTIR chemical mapping applied on historic paint stratigraphies. Int J Anal Chem:2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4938145
Sekar M, Sakthi V, Rengaraj S (2004) Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of lead ( II ) onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shell. 279:307–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.042
Shi Q, Li A, Zhu Z, Liu B (2013) Adsorption of naphthalene onto a high-surface-area carbon from waste ion exchange resin. J Environ Sci (China) 25:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60017-5
Siepka D, Uzu G, Stefaniak EA, Sobanska S (2018) Combining Raman microspectrometry and chemometrics for determining quantitative molecular composition and mixing state of atmospheric aerosol particles. Microchem J 137:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.10.005
Sleep BE, McClure PD (2001) The effect of temperature on adsorption of organic compounds to soils. Can Geotech J 38:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-38-1-46
Sun Y, Yang S, Zhao G et al (2013) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on graphene oxides and reduced graphene oxides. Chem - An Asian J 8:2755–2761. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201300496
Sun Z, Wu Z, Liu D, He X (2018) Microwave-assisted modification of activated carbon with cationic surfactants for enhancement of naphthalene adsorption. Korean J Chem Eng 35:557–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0290-z
Tang X, Zhou Y, Xu Y et al (2010) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide modified fibric peat. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85:1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2403
Valderrama C, Cortina JL, Farran A, Gamisans X, Lao C (2007) Kinetics of sorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons onto granular activated carbon and macronet hyper-cross-linked polymers (MN200). J Colloid Interface Sci 310:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.039
Valderrama C, Gamisans X, de las Heras X et al (2008) Sorption kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal using granular activated carbon: Intraparticle diffusion coefficients. J Hazard Mater 157:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.119
Vandeginste BGM, Massart DL, Buydens LMC, et al (1998) Cluster analysis. pp 57–86
Wang YT, Tsai PC, Liao YC et al (2013) Circulating microRNAs have a sex-specific association with metabolic syndrome. J Biomed Sci 20:287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.014
Wang J, Chen Z, Chen B (2014) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets. Environ Sci Technol 48:4817–4825. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405227u
Wang J, Wang C, Huang Q et al (2015) Adsorption of PAHs on the sediments from the Yellow River Delta as a function of particle size and salinity. Soil Sediment Contam An Int J 24:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2014.920292
Wang C, Leng S, Xu Y et al (2018) Preparation of amino functionalized hydrophobic zeolite and its adsorption properties for chromate and naphthalene. Minerals 8:145. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8040145
Wei M-C, Chang W-T, Jen J-F (2007) Monitoring of PAHs in air by collection on XAD-2 adsorbent then microwave-assisted thermal desorption coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0962-8
Wołowiec M, Muir B, Zięba K et al (2017) Experimental study on the removal of VOCs and PAHs by zeolites and surfactant-modified zeolites. Energy Fuel 31:8803–8812. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01124
Xi Z, Chen B (2014) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents. J Environ Sci (China) 26:737–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60501-X
Xiao X, Liu D, Yan Y et al (2015a) Preparation of activated carbon from Xinjiang region coal by microwave activation and its application in naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene adsorption. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 53:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.031
Xiao X, Tian F, Yan Y, Wu Z, Wu Z, Cravotto G (2015b) Adsorption behavior of phenanthrene onto coal-based activated carbon prepared by microwave activation. Korean J Chem Eng 32:1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0317-7
Yagub MT, Sen TK, Afroze S, Ang HM (2014) Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 209:172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002
Yuan M, Tong S, Zhao S, Jia CQ (2010) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water using petroleum coke-derived porous carbon. J Hazard Mater 181:1115–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.130
Zeledón-Toruño ZC, Lao-Luque C, de las Heras FXC, Sole-Sardans M (2007) Removal of PAHs from water using an immature coal (leonardite). Chemosphere 67:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.047
Zhou W, Wang X, Chen C, Zhu L (2013) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from surfactant solutions by selective sorption with organo-bentonite. Chem Eng J 233:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2013.08.040
Funding
The authors received grants, scholarships, and financial support provided by the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 63 kb).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frescura, L.M., de Menezes, B.B., Duarte, R. et al. Application of multivariate analysis on naphthalene adsorption in aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 3329–3337 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07278-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07278-1