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Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment

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Abstract

The elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) obsolete pesticides stockpiles, particularly the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), is one of the critical environmental issues faced by many developing countries. This pioneering study aimed to investigate the occurrence, source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks of OCPs in the surroundings of the lone POPs pesticide destruction facility in Pakistan. The ΣOCPs residual levels in soil ranged from 35.98 to 566.77 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 174.42 + 111.62 ng/g (dw). The OCPs contamination levels in the soil followed the pattern as ΣHCHs > Σendrins > Σendosulfans > dieldrin > Σheptachlors > ΣDDTs > Σchlordanes > methoxychlor. The ΣHCHs residual concentrations were comparatively higher than the previous national and global soil studies. The recent accumulation of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor was observed in the study area as identified by β-HCH/∑HCHs, (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDTs, heptachlor/Σheptachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide/heptachlor ratios. The OCPs’ lifetime carcinogenic risk through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes ranged from 1.65E-08 to 2.91E-07, whereas the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) ranged from 9.12E-05 to 1.61E-03. The risk vulnerability among age groups was in the order: adult > toddler > child > teen > infant. The calculated risk levels were within an acceptable limit of one in a million (1 × 10−6) for carcinogenic risk and HQ < 1 for noncarcinogenic risk. The current OCPs residual levels, especially dieldrin and endrin, exhibited low to medium ecological risks when compared to various worldwide limits. The upsurge of the OCPs’ environmental contamination levels over the years and consideration of the food chain transfer might amplify the human health and ecological risks intensities.

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Acknowledgments

Authors are highly acknowledged to the technical/laboratory staff at the School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, for their assistance during GC/MS instrumental analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Syeda Nazish Ali, Mujtaba Baqar, Muhammad Naveed Anwar & Abdul-Sattar Nizami

  2. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Mehvish Mumtaz & Huang Jun

  3. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, 53200, Pakistan

    Uzma Ashraf

  4. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Abdul Qadir & Sajid Rashid Ahmad

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  1. Syeda Nazish Ali
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Ali, S.N., Baqar, M., Mumtaz, M. et al. Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 7328–7340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07183-7

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