Abstract
We have demonstrated the potential leaching of eight compounds, one insecticide (flonicamid) and seven fungicides (myclobutanil, penconazole, boscalid, difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and fenpyroximate) trough a typical Mediterranean soil (Calcaric regosol). The concentrations found in leaching water were in all cases above the limit set by the EU in groundwater (0.1 μg L−1). For this, the efficiency of different homogeneous (photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like) and heterogeneous (ZnO and TiO2) photocatalytic systems was tested in deionized water to choose the most appropriate treatment to remove pesticide residues from leaching water. The efficiency was in the order: ZnO + S2O82− (pH 7) > TiO2+ S2O82− (pH 7) > ZnO (pH 7) > TiO2 (pH 7) > Fe3+ (pH 3) > Fe3+ (pH 5) > Fe2+ (pH 3) > Fe2+ (pH 5). Thus, in the subsequent experiment we focus on the efficacy of solar heterogeneous photocatalysis (ZnO/Na2S2O8 and TiO2/ Na2S2O8) on their removal from leaching water. A fast removal was observed for all pesticides at the end of the photoperiod, noticeably higher in the case of ZnO system, with the exception of flonicamid, a recalcitrant pesticide where the degradation rate only reached about 20% after 240 min of solar exposure. Although the mineralisation of the initial dissolved organic carbon was not complete due to the presence of interfering substances in the leaching water, the conversion rate under ZnO/Na2S2O8 treatment was about 1.3 times higher than using TiO2/Na2S2O8.
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by project RTA2015-00073-00-00, INIA 2017-2020 and with the aid of the Resolution of Presidency of State Research Agency (State Subprogram of Training of State Program of Promotion of Talent and its Employability), within the framework of the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013-2016 co-funded by the European Social Fund. The authors are also grateful to H. Jiménez, I. Garrido, J. Cava and M. V. Molina for technical assistance.
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Aliste, M., Pérez-Lucas, G., Vela, N. et al. Solar-driven photocatalytic treatment as sustainable strategy to remove pesticide residues from leaching water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 7222–7233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07061-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07061-2