Abstract
A series of g-C3N4/SrTiO3 (CN/SrTiO3) composites with the different mass ratio of g-C3N4 were prepared by facile in situ hydrothermal growth method, which was utilized to degrade tetracycline antibiotics (TC) under the visible light. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, and UV-vis DRS. The photocatalytic performance was also investigated in detail. The obtained 20% CN/SrTiO3 composite is sixfold of the pure SrTiO3 and twofold of the pristine g-C3N4 under the visible light irradiation. This impressive performance of the heterojunction is ascribed to the effective restraint of the charge carrier recombination and expanded light absorption region. Moreover, the stability of the composite is also researched in detail. At last, a possible photocatalytic mechanism and charge carrier transfer pathway were further discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belhouchet N, Hamdi B, Chenchouni H, Bessekhouad Y (2019) Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic using new calcite/titania nanocomposites. J Photoch Photobio A-Chem 372:196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.12.016
Chang X, Wang T, Zhang P, Zhang J, Li A, Gong J (2015) Enhanced surface reaction kinetics and charge separation of p–n heterojunction Co3O4/BiVO4 photoanodes. J Am Chem Sco 137:8356–8359. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b04186
Chen X, Tan P, Zhou B, Dong H, Pan J, Xiong X (2015) A green and facile strategy for preparation of novel and stable Cr-doped SrTiO3/g-C3N4 hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. J Alloys Compd 647:456–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.056
Cheng J, Yan X, Mo Q, Liu B, Wang J, Yang X, Li L (2017) Facile synthesis of g-C3N4/BiVO4 heterojunctions with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance. Ceram Int 43:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.093
Chengjie S, Jingjing L, Liping W, Xia X, Shaomang W (2016) Adsorption behavior of natural and thermally modified diatomite for 1-naphthol from aqueous solution. Fresenius Environ Bull 25:5371–5380
Chiu MH et al (2014) Determination of band alignment in the single-layer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction. Nat Commun 6:7666 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8666
Esmailzadeh H, Moghaddam AG (2018) Effective theory of exotic superconductivity in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces. Physica C 548:123–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2018.02.038
Garg P, Kumar S, Choudhuri I, Mahata A, Pathak B (2016) Hexagonal planar CdS monolayer sheet for visible light photocatalysis. J Phys Chem C 120:7052–7060. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01622
Hong Y, Li C, Zhang G, Meng Y, Yin B, Zhao Y, Shi W (2016) Efficient and stable Nb2O5 modified g-C3N4 photocatalyst for removal of antibiotic pollutant. Chem Eng J 299:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.092
Hong Y et al (2019) A direct one-step synthesis of ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets from thiourea for boosting solar photocatalytic H2 evolution. Int J Hydrog Energy 44:7194–7204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.274
Ji B et al (2018) Vertically aligned ZnO@ ZnS nanorod chip with improved photocatalytic activity for antibiotics degradation. ACS Appl Nano Mater 1:793–799. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.7b00242
Jin J, Liang Q, Song Y, Xu S, Li Z, Yao C (2017a) Hydrothermal synthesis of g-C3N4/Ag2MoO4 nanocomposites for improved visible light photocatalytic performance. J Alloys Compd 726:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.330
Jin Y, Jiang D, Li D, Xiao P, Ma X, Chen M (2017b) SrTiO3 nanoparticle/SnNb2O6 nanosheet 0D/2D heterojunctions with enhanced interfacial charge separation and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:9749–9757. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01548
Jinhai L et al (2016) Hydrothermal synthesis of novel flower-like BiVO4/Bi2Ti2O7 with superior photocatalytic activity toward tetracycline removal. Appl Catal A-Gen A-gen 524:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2016.06.025
Konstas P-S, Konstantinou I, Petrakis D, Albanis T (2018) Synthesis, characterization of g-C3N4/SrTiO3 heterojunctions and photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants degradation. Catalysts 8:554. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110554
Lan Z-A, Zhang G, Wang X (2016) A facile synthesis of Br-modified g-C3N4 semiconductors for photoredox water splitting. Appl Catal B-Environ 192:116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.062
Lu Z et al (2018) Facile microwave synthesis of a Z-scheme imprinted ZnFe2O4/Ag/PEDOT with the specific recognition ability towards improving photocatalytic activity and selectivity for tetracycline. Chem Eng J 337:228–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.115
Luo X-L, He G-L, Fang Y-P, Xu Y-H (2018) Nickel sulfide/graphitic carbon nitride/strontium titanate (NiS/g-C3N4/SrTiO3) composites with significantly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 518:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.038
Luo Y et al (2019) Interfacial coupling effects in g- C3N4/SrTiO3 nanocomposites with enhanced H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B-Environ 247:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.01.089
Madhusudan P, Kumar MV, Ishigaki T, Toda K, Uematsu K, Sato M (2013) Hydrothermal synthesis of meso/macroporous BiVO4 hierarchical particles and their photocatalytic degradation properties under visible light irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut R 20:6638–6645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1694-x
Mao Z, Chen J, Yang Y, Wang D, Bie L, Fahlman BD (2017) Novel g-C3N4/CoO nanocomposites with significantly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:12427–12435. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00370
Modak B, Ghosh SK (2015) Enhancement of visible light photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3: a hybrid density functional study. J Phys Chem C 119:23503–23514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b06667
Naidu KCB et al (2015) Structural and electrical properties of PbO-doped SrTiO3 ceramics. J Ovonic Res 11:79–84
Ohno T, Tsubota T, Nakamura Y, Sayama K (2005) Preparation of S, C cation-codoped SrTiO3 and its photocatalytic activity under visible light. Appl Catal A-Gen 288:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.04.035
Ong W-J, Tan L-L, Ng YH, Yong S-T, Chai S-P (2016) Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability? Chem Rev 116:7159–7329. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075
Reddy KR, Hassan M, Gomes VG (2015) Hybrid nanostructures based on titanium dioxide for enhanced photocatalysis. Appl Catal A-Gen 489:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.10.001
Rodriguez-Narvaez OM, Peralta-Hernandez JM, Goonetilleke A, Bandala ER (2017) Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: a review. Chem Eng J 323:361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.106
Sharma VK, Johnson N, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, Kim H (2016) A review of the influence of treatment strategies on antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Chemosphere 150:702–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.084
Song C, Fan M, Hu B, Chen T, Wang L, Shi W (2015) Synthesis of a g-C3N4-sensitized and NaNbO3-substrated II-type heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity. Crystengcomm 17:4575–4583. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ce00622h
Song C, Feng Y, Shi W, Liu C (2016a) Fabrication and mechanism of a novel direct solid-state Z-scheme photocatalyst CdS/BiOI under visible light. Crystengcomm 18:7796–7804. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ce01535b
Song C, Li X, Wang L, Shi W (2016b) Fabrication, characterization and response surface method (RSM) optimization for tetracycline photodegradation by Bi3.84W0.16 O6.24-graphene oxide (BWO-GO). Sci Rep 6:37466. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37466
Song C, Wang L, Ren J, Lv B, Sun Z, Yan J, Li X, Liu J (2016c) Comparative study of diethyl phthalate degradation by UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2: kinetics, mechanism, and effects of operational parameters. Environ Sci Pollut R 23:2640–2650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5481-8
Song C, Fan M, Shi W, Wang W (2018) High-performance for hydrogen evolution and pollutant degradation of reduced graphene oxide/two-phase g- C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts. Environ Sci Pollut R 25:14486–14498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1502-8
Tan G, She L, Liu T, Xu C, Ren H, Xia A (2017) Ultrasonic chemical synthesis of hybrid mpg-C3N4/BiPO4 heterostructured photocatalysts with improved visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B-Environ 207:120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.025
Wang H, He W, Dong X, Wang H, Dong F (2018) In situ FT-IR investigation on the reaction mechanism of visible light photocatalytic NO oxidation with defective g-C3N4. Sci Bull 63:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.12.013
Wen J, Xie J, Chen X, Li X (2017) A review on g- C3N4-based photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci 391:72–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030
Xia Y, He Z, Su J, Liu Y, Tang B, Li X (2018) Fabrication of novel n-SrTiO3/p-BiOI heterojunction for degradation of crystal violet under simulated solar light irradiation. Nano 13:1850070. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793292018500704
Yan J, Wu H, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Liu SF (2016) Fabrication of TiO2/C3N4 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic Z-scheme overall water splitting. Appl Catal B-Environ 191:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.026
Yang M, Jin X (2014) Visible light-induced Cr-doped SrTiO3-g- C3N4 composite for improved photocatalytic performance. J Wuhan Uni Technol 29:1111–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-1051-z
Yang X, Qian F, Zou G, Li M, Lu J, Li Y, Bao M (2016) Facile fabrication of acidified g-C3N4/g-C3N4 hybrids with enhanced photocatalysis performance under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B-Environ 193:22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.060
Yu K et al (2017) Novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous SrTiO3 photocatalysts with remarkably enhanced hydrogen production performance. Appl Catal B-Environ 200:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.07.049
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu Province (19KJB560008), Natural Science Foundation of Changzhou University (ZMF18020309), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.21477050, 21607017), and International Scientific and Technological Cooperation in Changzhou (CZ20140017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Suresh Pillai
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiao, F., Xu, J., Cao, L. et al. In situ hydrothermal fabrication of visible light-driven g-C3N4/SrTiO3 composite for photocatalytic degradation of TC. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 5788–5796 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07060-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07060-3