Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Tree diversity, biomass and carbon storage in sacred groves of Central India

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sacred groves are small or large patches of forest and are rich in biodiversity, store carbon (C) in biomass and soil, besides providing important ecosystem services. However, the information on tree species diversity, biomass, and C storage in sacred groves of Central India, Madhya Pradesh is elusive and fragmented. In the present study, 41 sacred groves were inventoried for tree species diversity, biomass, and C storage in vegetation and soil. A total of 103 tree species from 81 genera belonging to 37 families were recorded. Shannon’s diversity, Dominance, Fisher’s alpha, and species evenness indices for trees varied: 0.77–2.53, 0.07–0.64, 1.58–20.37, and 0.28–0.90 respectively. Tree density ranged 75–675 no. of stems ha−1 with a mean of 271 no. of stems ha−1, while basal area ranged 6.8–47 m2 ha−1 with a mean value of 27 m2 ha−1. Tree biomass ranged 34.9–409.8 Mg ha−1 with a mean value of 194.01 Mg ha−1, while, tree C ranged between 17.5 and 204.9 Mg C ha−1 with a mean value of 97.0 Mg C ha−1. The total soil organic carbon stock (0–30 cm) ranged from 22.4 to 112.5 Mg C ha−1 with the mean value of 62 Mg C ha−1. Biomass C and SOC contributed 61% and 39% of the total C stocks, respectively. Tree C stock showed a significant positive relationship with tree basal area (R2 = 0.968). A total of five tree species belonging to four families were found to be vulnerable in Central India. The present study reveals that the sacred groves of Central India are species rich, have higher C stocks and sequestration potential in both vegetation and soil, and calls for an immediate attention for conservation and planning for long-term C sequestration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Plate 1
Plate 2
Fig 2
Fig 3
Fig 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abere F, Belete Y, Kefalew A, Soromessa T (2017) Carbon stock of Banja forest in Banja district, Amhara region, Ethiopia: an implication for climate change mitigation. J Sust For 36(6):604–622

    Google Scholar 

  • Batjes NH, van Wesemael B (2015) Measuring and monitoring soil carbon. In: Banwart SA, Noellemeyer E, Milne E (eds) Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Becknell JM, Kucek LK, Powers JS (2012) Aboveground biomass in mature and secondary seasonally dry tropical forests: a literature review and global synthesis. New Phytol 276:88–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Behera SK, Sahu N, Mishra AK, Bargali SS, Behera MD, Tuli R (2017) Aboveground biomass and carbon stock assessment in Indian tropical deciduous forest and relationship with stand structural attributes. Ecol Eng 99:513–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhakat RK (1990) Tribal ethics of forest conservation. Yojana 34(5):23

    Google Scholar 

  • Bharathi S, Prasad AD (2015) Diversity and regeneration status of tree species in the sacred groves of central Western Ghats, India. J Biodivers Environ Sci 7(2):10–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhuyan P, Khan ML, Tripathi R (2003) Tree diversity and population structure in undisturbed and human-impacted stands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas, India. Biodivers Conserv 12:753–1773

    Google Scholar 

  • Boraiah KT, Vasudeva R, Shonil A, Bhagwat, Kushalappa CG (2003) Do informally managed sacred groves have higher richness and regeneration of medicinal plants than state-managed reserve forests? Curr Sci 84(6):804–808

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandis D (1897) Indigenous Indian forestry: sacred groves. Ind For 12–13

  • Brown SL, Schroeder PE (1999) Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern U.S. forests. Ecol Appl 9(3):968–980

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns MA, Brown S, Helmer EH, Baumgardner GA (1997) Root biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecologia 111:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DG, Stone JL, Rosas A Jr (1992) A comparison of the phytosociology and dynamics of three flood plain (Varzae) forests of known ages, Rio Jurua, Western Brazalian Amazon. Bot J Linn Soc 108:213–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandrashekara UM, Sankar S (1998) Ecology and management of sacred groves in Kerala, India. For Ecol Manag 112:165–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi RK, Raghubanshi AS, Singh JS (2012) Biomass estimation of dry tropical woody species at juvenile stage. Sci World J 2012:790219

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaubey OP, Sharma A, Krishnamurthy G (2015) Plant diversity, edaphic status and population structure in different forest types of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states in India. Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Techn 7(2):115–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Andalo C, Brown S, Cairns MA, Chambers JQ, Eamus D, Folster H, Fromard F, Higuchi N, Kira T, Lescure JP, Nelson BW, Ogawa H, Puig H, Riéra B, Yamakura T (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145:87–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Coomes DA, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Swenson NG, Zanne AE (2009) Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 12(4):351–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra A, Parila S, Dadhwal VK (2002) Growing stock based forest biomass estimate of India. Biomass Bioenergy 22:187–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Devakumar A, Srinath K, Khaple A, Devagiri GM (2018) Role of community conserved sacred groves in biodiversity conservation and climate resilience. For Res Eng 2(5):276–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Devi CS, Singh TB (2016) Soil organic carbon stock in the sacred groves of Manipur, NE India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 42:115–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil M, Vartak VD (1975) The sacred groves of India: a plea for continued conservation. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 72:314–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalakrishna SP, Kaonga ML, Somashekar RK, Suresh HS, Suresh R (2015) Tree diversity in the tropical dry forest of Bannerghatta National Park in Eastern Ghats, Southern India. Eur J Ecol 1(2):12–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hangarge LM, Kulkarni DK, Gaikwad VB, Mahajan DM, Chaudhari N (2012) Carbon Sequestration potential of tree species in Somjaichi Rai (Sacred grove) at Nandghur village, in Bhor region of Pune District, Maharashtra State, India. Ann Biol Res 3(7):3426–3429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hangarge LM, Kulkarni DK, Gaikwad VB, Mahajan DM (2015) Soil organic carbon (SOC) in selected sacred groves from Bhor region of western ghats, Maharashtra. Asian J Environ Sci 10(2):166–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DJ, Chandran SMD (1997) Sacred Groves around the earth: an overview. Paper presented in the workshop on the role of sacred groves in conservation and management of Biological Resources, KFRI, Pechi

  • Hughes JD (1997) Sacred groves and community power. Capital Nat Social 8:99–105

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha CS, Singh JS (1990) Composition and dynamics of dry tropical forest in relation to soil texture. J Veg Sci 1:609–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobbagy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol Appl 10:423–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi RK, Dhyani S (2018) Biomass, carbon density and diversity of tree species in tropical dry deciduous forests in Central India. Acta Ecol Sin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Karthik S, Subramanian S, Ravikumar S, Dhamotharan R (2018) Woody species inventory and estimation of carbon stock in Cuddalore and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Res Tre Inno 3(8):21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent M, Coker P (1992) Vegetation description and analysis. Belhaven Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan ML, Menon S, Bawa KS (1997) Effectiveness of the protected area network in biodiversity conservation: a case study of Meghalaya state. Biodivers Conserv 6:853–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan ML, Khumbongmayum AD, Tripathi RS (2008) The sacred groves and their significance in conserving biodiversity an overview. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 34(3):277–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Khumbongmayum AD, Khan ML, Tripathi RS (2005) Sacred groves of Manipur, northeast India: biodiversity value, status and strategies for their conservation. Biodivers Conserv 14:1541–1582

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight DH (1962) A distance method for constructing forest profile diagrams and obtaining structural data. Trop Ecol 4:89–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunhikannan C, Singh BG (2005) Strategy for conservation of sacred groves. Institute of Forest Genetic and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SL, Sonke B, Sunderland T, Begne SK, Lopez-Gonzalez G, van der Heijden GMF, Phillips OL, Affum-Baffoe K, Baker TR, Banin L, Bastin J-F, Beeckman H, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, De Canniere C, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, Collins M, Djagbletey G, Djuikouo MNK, Droissart V, Doucet J-L, Ewango CEN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Foli EG, Gillet J-F, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Hart TB, de Haulleville T, Hladik A, Hufkens K, Huygens D, Jeanmart P, Jeffery KJ, Kearsley E, Leal ME, Lloyd J, Lovett JC, Makana J-R, Malhi Y, Marshall AR, Ojo L, Peh KS-H, Pickavance G, Poulsen JR, Reitsma JM, Sheil D, Simo M, Steppe K, Taedoumg HE, Talbot J, Taplin JRD, Taylor D, Thomas SC, Toirambe B, Verbeeck H, Vleminckx J, White LJT, Willcock S, Woell H, Zemagho L (2013) Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 368:20120295

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch L, Kokou K, Todd S (2018) Comparison of the ecological value of sacred and non-sacred community forests in Kaboli, Togo. Trop Conserv Sci 11:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhi Y, Wood D, Baker TR, Wright J, Phillips OL, Cochrane T, Meir P, Chave J, Almeida S, Arroyo L, Higuchi N, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Lewis SL, Monteagudo A, Neill DA, Vargas PN, Pitman NCA, Quesada CA, Salomao R, Silva JNM, Lezama AT, Terborgh J, Martinez RV, Vinceti B (2006) The regional variation in aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Glob Chang Biol 12:1107–1138

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra KC, Gokhale Y, Chatterjee S, Srivastava S (2007) Sacred Groves in India. Aryan Books International, New Delhi, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra R (1968) Ecology work book. Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, p 244

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy PG, Lugo AE (1986) Ecology of tropical dry forests. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 17:67–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Nizami SM, Yiping Z, Zheng Z, Zhiyun L, Guoping Y, Liqing S (2017) Evaluation of forest structure, biomass and carbon sequestration in subtropical pristine forests of SW China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(9):8137–8146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oommachan M (1977) The flora of Bhopal (angiosperms). Bhopal: JK Jain Brothers 475p.-Illus., map, keys. Maps. Geog, 6

  • Ormsby AA (2012) Cultural and conservation values of sacred forest in Ghana. In: Pungetti G, Oviedo G, Hooke D (eds) Sacred species and sites: advances in biocultural conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Pala NA, Negi AK, Gokhale Y, Aziem S, Vikrant KK, Todaria NP (2013) Carbon stock estimation for tree species of Sem Mukhem sacred forest in Garhwal Himalaya, India. J For Res 24(3):457–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0341-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pande PK, Patra AK (2010) Biomass and productivity in sal and miscellaneous forests of Satpura plateau (Madhya Pradesh) India. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 1:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy N, Karthikeyan R (1997) Plant biodiversity inventory and conservation of two tropical dry evergreen forests on the Coromandel Coast, South India. Biodivers Conserv 6:1063–1083

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy N, Sethi P (1997) Tree and liana species diversity and population structure in a tropical dry evergreen forest in south India. Trop Ecol 38:19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy N, Kinkal V, Kumar LP (1992) Plant species diversity and human impacts in the tropical wet evergreen forests of Southern Western Ghats. In: Indo-French workshop on tropical forest ecosystems: natural functioning and anthropogenic impact. November 1992. Pondicherry French Institute, Pondicherry, India p 2626-2627

  • Pearson T, Walker S, Brown S (2005) Sourcebook for land-use, land-use change and forestry projects. Winrock International and the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank, p57

  • Poorter L, van der Sande MT, Thompson J, Arets EJMM, Alarcón A, Álvarez-Sánchez J, Ascarrunz N, Balvanera P, Barajas-Guzmán G, Boit A, Bongers F, Carvalho FA, Casanoves F, Cornejo-Tenorio G, Costa FRC, de Castilho CV, Duivenvoorden JF, Dutrieux LP, Enquist BJ, Fernández-Méndez F, Finegan B, Gormley LHL, Healey JR, Hoosbeek MR, Ibarra-Manríquez G, Junqueira AB, Levis C, Licona JC, Lisboa LS, Magnusson WE, Martínez-Ramos M, Martínez-Yrizar A, Martorano LG, Maskell LC, Mazzei L, Meave JA, Mora F, Muñoz R, Nytch C, Pansonato MP, Parr TW, Paz H, Pérez-García EA, Rentería LY, Rodríguez-Velazquez J, Rozendaal DMA, Ruschel AR, Sakschewski B, Salgado-Negret B, Schietti J, Simões M, Sinclair FL, Souza PF, Souza FC, Stropp J, ter Steege H, Swenson NG, Thonicke K, Toledo M, Uriarte M, van der Hout P, Walker P, Zamora N, Peña-Claros M (2015) Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 24:1314–1328

    Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan A, Mishra SP, Behera N (2016) Species diversity and biomass carbon analysis of the tree layer in a sacred natural forest patch from Western Odisha. Int J Environ Sci 7:113–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Premavani D, Naidu MT, Venkaiah M (2014) Tree species diversity and population structure in the tropical forests of north central Eastern Ghats, India. Not Sci Biol 6:448–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajashekar G, Fararoda R, Reddy RS, Jha CS, Ganeshaiah KN, Singh JS, Dadhwal VK (2018) Spatial distribution of forest biomass carbon (above and below ground) in Indian forests. Ecol Indic 85:742–752

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan PS, Saxena KG, Chandrashekara UM (1998) Conserving the sacred for biodiversity management. UNESCO Vol., Oxford & IBH Publ, New Delhi, India

  • Rampilla V, Mahammad KS, Kakumanu B (2015) Floristic diversity and phyto-sociological studies of Indrakiladri sacred grove in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Pharm Biol Sci 10:61–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao BRP, Sunitha S (2011) Medicinal plant resources of Rudrakod sacred grove in Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Biodivers 2:75–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat M, Vasistha HB, Manhas RK, Negi M (2013) Floristic diversity of the Kunjapuri sacred grove, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Bombay Nat Hist 110:57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray R, Ramachandra TV (2010) Small sacred groves in local landscape: are they really worthy for conservation? Curr Sci 98:1178–1180

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy CS, Ugle P (2008) Tree species diversity and distribution patterns in tropical forest of Eastern Ghats, India: a case study. Life Sci J 4:87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu PK, Sagar R, Singh JS (2008) Tropical forest structure and diversity in relation to altitude and disturbance in a Biosphere Reserve in central India. Appl Veg Sci 11:461–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SC, Dhal NK, Lal B, Mohanty RC (2012) Differences in tree species diversity and soil nutrient status in a tropical sacred forest ecosystem on Niyamgiri Hill Range, Eastern Ghats, India. J Mt Sci 9:492–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SC, Suresh HS, Ravinrdanath NH (2016) Forest structure, composition and above ground biomass of tree community in tropical dry forests of Eastern Ghats, India. Not Sci Biol 8:125–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Salunkhe O, Khare PK (2016) Aboveground biomass and carbon stock of tropical deciduous forest ecosystems of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 42(S):75–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Saner P, Loh YY, Ong RC, Hector A (2012) Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical lowland dipterocarp rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PLoS One 7:e29642

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena AK, Singh JS (1984) Tree population structure of certain Himalayan forest associations and implications concerning their future composition. Vegetation 58:61–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh JS, Singh SP, Saxena AK, Rawat YS (1984) The forest vegetation of silent valley, India. Tropical Rain Forest. In: Chadwick AC, Sutton SL (eds) The Leeds Symposium. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, England, pp 25–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh H, Husain T, Butt FA (2010) Ethno-medicinal plants and their conservation through sacred groves in Pithoragarh district of Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Geobios 37:53

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh V, Gupta SR, Singh N (2016) Carbon sequestration potential of tropical dry deciduous forests in southern Haryana, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 42(S):51–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Slik JWF, Aiba SI, Brearley FQ, Cannon CH, Forshed O, Kitayama K, Nagamasu H, Nilus R, Payne J, Paoli G, Poulsen AD, Raes N, Sheil D, Sidiyasa K, Suzuki E, Valkenburg JLCH (2010) Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo’s tropical forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:50–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukumaran S, Jeeva S, Raj ADS, Kannan D (2008) Floristic diversity, Conservation status, and economic value of miniature sacred groves in Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, southern Peninsular India. Turk J Bot 32:185–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundarapandian SM, Amritha S, Gowsalya L, Kayathri P, Thamizharasi M, Dar JA, Srinivas K, Durai SG (2013a) Estimation of biomass and carbon stock of woody plants in different land-uses. For Res 3:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundarapandian SM, Dar JA, Ghandi DS, Kantipudi S, Subashree K (2013b) Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical dry forests in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Environ Sci Eng Res 4:66–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundarapandian SM, Amritha S, Gowsalya L, Kayathri P, Thamizharasi M, Dar JA, Srinivas K, Gandhi DS, Subashree K (2016) Soil organic carbon stocks in different land uses in Pondicherry University campus, Puducherry, India. Trop Plant Res 3:10–17

  • Swamy PS, Kumar M, Sundarapandian SM (2003) Spirituality and ecology of sacred groves in Tamil Nadu, India. Unasylva 213:53–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman D (1997) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In: Daily G (ed) Nature services and societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhaya K, Pandey HN, Law PS, Tripathi RS (2003) Tree diversity in sacred groves of the Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India. Biodivers Conserv 12:583–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswaran R, Parthasarathy N (2003) Tropical dry evergreen forests on the Coromandel coast of India: structure, composition and human disturbance. Ecotropica 9:45–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Waikhom AC, Nath AJ, Yadava PS (2018) Aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the largest sacred grove of Manipur, Northeast India. J For Res 29(2):425–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanne AE, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Coomes DA, Ilic J, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Miller RB, Swenson NG, Wiemann MC, Chave J (2009) Data from: towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Dryad Digital Repository https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department and Forest Department, Chhindwara for permission and for providing the necessary facilities and staff support during the field work.. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that greatly improved this article.

Funding

This study was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (Sanction No.: 38(1318)12/EMR-II, Dated: 03.04.2012). We would also like to thank the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (No. BT/PR12899/ NDB/39/506/2015 dt. 20/06/2017) and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for partial funding under National Post-Doctoral Fellowship Scheme (Ref. No.: PDF/2015/000447) to the first author.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India

    Javid Ahmad Dar, Debojyoti Raha, Ashwani Kumar, Pramod Kumar Khare & Mohammed Latif Khan

  2. Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Puducherry, 605014, India

    Javid Ahmad Dar & Kothandaraman Subashree

Authors
  1. Javid Ahmad Dar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kothandaraman Subashree
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Debojyoti Raha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ashwani Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pramod Kumar Khare
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammed Latif Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed Latif Khan.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 28 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dar, J.A., Subashree, K., Raha, D. et al. Tree diversity, biomass and carbon storage in sacred groves of Central India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 37212–37227 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06854-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06854-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation