Abstract
A fast and sensitive SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acrolein in environmental water samples using activated charcoal as SPE adsorbent was developed. The novelty of this study consists in acrolein extraction, separation and detection without the need of a derivatization process. Physicochemical properties of acrolein, such as low molecular weight and high polarity represent real challenges for extraction, separation, and detection of this pollutant using SPE-LC-MS/MS. These were addressed by choosing a suitable chromatographic column which ensures a good peak symmetry and retention for the analyte, as well as the choice of SPE adsorbent suitable for retaining very polar compounds like acrolein from the aqueous matrix. The chromatographic column was a Synergi Fusion RP (150 × 2.0 mm, 4.0 μm) with a C18 stationary phase modified with polar embedded amide groups. Activated charcoal adsorbent used as SPE extraction media was able to extract efficiently highly polar molecules such as acrolein and 13C3-acrylamide (internal standard) from water samples. Using this method, the obtained extraction recovery for acrolein was 88% at a 50 ng/L concentration level. Overall method quantitation limit (LOQ) for acrolein in water was established at 3.8 ng/L. The newly developed SPE-LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to detect acrolein occurrence in wastewater and drinking water samples. Acrolein level in these samples ranged from LOQ to 122 ng/L.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham K, Andres S, Palavinskas R, Berg K, Appel KE, Lampen A (2011) Toxicology and risk assessment of acrolein in food. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:1277–1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100481
Chiriac FL, Paun I, Pirvu F, Cruceru L, Pascu LF, Galaon T (2018) Parallel between offline-SPE-LC-MS and direct injection LC-MS methods for acrylamide detection in drinking water at parts per trillion level. Rev Chim 69:4129–4133
Conklin DJ, Barski OA, Lesgards JF, Juvan P, Rezen T, Rozman D, Prough RA, Vladykovskaya E, Liu SQ, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A (2010) Acrolein consumption induces systemic dyslipidemia and lipoprotein modification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.010
DeWoskin RS, Greenberg M, Pepelko W, Strickland J (2003) Toxicological review of acrolein (cas no. 107-02-08) in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2006) List of MAK and BAT values 2006 commission for the investigation of health hazard of chemical compounds in the work area report no. 42. Weinheim. Wiley-VCH
Endo Y, Hayashi C, Yamanaka T, Takayose K, Yamaoka M, Tsuno T, Nakajima S (2013) Linolenic acid as the main source of acrolein formed during heating of vegetable oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 90:959–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-013-2242-z
EPA Method 603 (1984) Acrolein and acrylonitrile. Methods for organic chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater.
EPA Method 8030A (1992) Acrolein and acrylonitrile by gas chromatography.
EPA Method 8316 (1994) Acrylamide, acrylonitrile and acrolein by high performance.
Galaon T, David V (2011) Deviation from van’t Hoff dependence in RP-LC induced by tautomeric interconversion observed for four compounds. J Sep Sci 34:1423–1428. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201100029
Jaganjac M, Prah IO, Cipak A, Cindric M, Mrakovcic L, Tatzber F, Ilincic P, Rukavina V, Spehar B, Vukovic JP, Telen S, Uchida K, Lulic Z, Zarkovic N (2012) Effects of bioreactive acrolein from automotive exhaust gases on human cells in vitro. Environ Toxicol 27:644–652. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20683
Katragaddam HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachinac AA (2010) Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils. Food Chem 120:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070
Kiebert RJ, Mopper K (1990) Determination of picomolar concentrations of carbonyl compounds in natural waters, including seawater, by liquid chromatography. Environ Sci Technol 24:1477. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00080a003
Ledauphin J, Lefrancois A, Marquet N, Beljean-Leymarie M, Barillier D (2006) Development of an accurate and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of acrolein content in Calvados and cider. Lebenson Wiss Technol 39:1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.02.009
Lim HH, Shin HS (2012) Simple determination of acrolein in surface and drinking water by headspace SPME GC–MS. Chromatogr 75:943–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-012-2274-9
Liu L, Ye XP, Bozell JJ (2012) A comparative review of petroleum-based and bio-based acrolein production. ChemSusChem 5:1162–1180. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100447
Oltmann P, Coppock RW, Lillie LE, Moore JW (1988) Solid phase extraction of acrolein 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone for HPLC analysis. Water Res 22:1143–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90009-7
Osorio VM, Cardeal ZL (2011) Determination of acrolein in french fries by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218:3332–3336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.068
Paci A, Rieutord A, Guillaume D, Traoré F, Ropenga J, Husson HP, Brion F (2000) Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of acrolein in plasma after derivatization with Luminarin 3. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 739:239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00485-5
Saison D, De Schutter DP, Delvaux F, Delvaux FR (2009) Determination of carbonyl compounds in beer by derivatisation and headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1216:5061–5068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.077
Sakuragawa A, Yoneno T, Inoue K, Okutani T (1999) Trace analysis of carbonyl compounds by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry after collection as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives. J Chromatogr A 844:403-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00307-6
Stadler RH, Lineback DR (2008) Process-Induced Food Toxicants: Occurrence, formation, mitigation and health risks. In: Takayuki S (ed) Acrolein, vol 75. Wiley, New Jersey, pp 943–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-012-2274-9
Takamoto S, Sakura N, Yashiki M, Kojima T (2001) Determination of acrolein by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 758:123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00152-9
Uchiyama S, Inaba Y, Kunugita N (2010) Determination of acrolein and other carbonyls in cigarette smoke using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. J Chromatogr A 1217:4383–4388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.056
Uchiyama S, Ohta K, Inaba Y, Kunugita N (2013) Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the e-cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Sci 29:1219–1222. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.29.1219
Wang GW, Guo Y, Vondriska TM, Zhang J, Zhang S, Tsai LL, Zong NC, Bolli R, Bhatnagar A, Prabhu SD (2008) Acrolein consumption exacerbates myocardial ischemic injury and blocks nitric oxide-induced PKCε signaling and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 44:1016–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.03.020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Ester Heath
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 151 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chiriac, F.L., Paun, I., Pirvu, F. et al. Fast and sensitive detection of acrolein in environmental water samples without derivatization using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 36205–36213 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06634-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06634-5