Abstract
Current study aimed to investigate modified natural clinoptilolite for removal of calcium and magnesium from the groundwater. Feasibility of clinoptilolite for groundwater hardness removal in production and operation was verified by static adsorption experiment and the experiment of fixed bed and degasification column. Subsequently, the main parameters for groundwater treatment using clinoptilolite were also explored. Results show that in the process of clinoptilolite in adsorption is dominant reaction process. The adsorption equilibrium time was unchanged when the hardness of raw water changes from 450 to 550 mg/L. With respect to comparative analysis of price and performance, NaCl found to be the most suitable clinoptilolite regenerated agent. The adsorption efficiency was high when the residence time was 20–25 min in the pilot experiments. The reaction mechanism was mainly substitution reaction according to ion equilibrium, and the treatment capacity of the degasifier combined with the fixed bed was 20% higher than that of with only fixed bed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aljerf L (2018) High-efficiency extraction of bromocresol purple dye and heavy metals as chromium from industrial effluent by adsorption onto a modified surface of zeolite: Kinetics and equilibrium study. J Environ Manag 225:120–132
Baskan MB, Pala A (2014) Batch and fixed-bed column studies of arsenic adsorption on the natural and modified clinoptilolite. Water Air Soil Pollut 225(1)
Boopathy R, Karthikeyan S, Mandal AB, Sekaran G (2013) Adsorption of ammonium ion by coconut shell-activated carbon from aqueous solution: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(1):533–542
Borba CE, Silva EA, Spohr S, Santos GHF, Guirardello R (2011) Application of the mass action law to describe ion exchange equilibrium in a fixed-bed column. Chem Eng J 172(1):312–320
Cantu Y, Remes A, Reyna A, Martinez D, Villarreal J, Ramos H, Trevino S, Tamez C, Martinez A, Eubanks T, Parsons JG (2014) Thermodynamics, kinetics, and activation energy studies of the sorption of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) to a Mn3O4 nanomaterial. Chem Eng J 254:374–383
Cucchi F, Franceschini G, Zini L (2008) Hydrogeochemical investigations and groundwater provinces of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Plain aquifers, northeastern Italy. Environ Geol 55(5):985–999
Dimirkou A (2007) Uptake of Zn2+ ions by a fully iron-exchanged clinoptilolite: Case study of heavily contaminated drinking water samples. Water Res 41(12):2763–2773
Eeshwarasinghe D, Loganathan P, Kalaruban M, Sounthararajah DP, Kandasamy J, Vigneswaran S (2018) Removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water using granular activated carbon: kinetic and equilibrium adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(14):13511–13524
Ghasemi M, Koupai JA, Heidarpour M (2018) Application of Modified Zeolite and Modified Peat in Removing Salinity Ions from Irrigation Saline Waters. J Environ Eng 144(8)
Hayati B, Maleki A, Najafi F, Gharibi F, McKay G, Gupta VK, Puttaiah SH, Marzban N (2018) Heavy metal adsorption using PAMAM/CNT nanocomposite from aqueous solution in batch and continuous fixed bed systems. Chem Eng J 346:258–270
Jha N, Kiss ZL, Gorczyca B (2018) Fouling mechanisms in nanofiltration membranes for the treatment of high DOC and varying hardness water. Desalin Water Treat 127:197–212
Kong X, Huang G, Han Z, Xu Y, Zhu M, Zhang Z (2017) Evaluation of zeolite-supported microscale zero-valent iron as a potential adsorbent for Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal in permeable reactive barriers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13837–13844
Krstic V, Urosevic T, Pesovski B (2018) A review on adsorbents for treatment of water and wastewaters containing copper ions. Chem Eng Sci 192:273–287
Levchuk I, Rueda Marquez JJ, Sillanpaa M (2018) Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water by ion exchange - a review. Chemosphere 192:90–104
Luo T, Abdu S, Wessling M (2018) Selectivity of ion exchange membranes: a review. J Membr Sci 555:429–454
Malana MA, Khosa MA (2011) Groundwater pollution with special focus on arsenic, Dera Ghazi Khan-Pakistan. J Saudi Chem Soc 15(1):39–47
Morales T, Uriarte JA, Olazar M, Antiguedad I, Angulo B (2010) Solute transport modelling in karst conduits with slow zones during different hydrologic conditions. J Hydrol 390(3-4):182–189
Mukherjee S, Barman S, Halder G (2018) Fluoride uptake by zeolite NaA synthesized from rice husk: Isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and cost estimation. Groundw Sustain Dev 7:39–47
Qu J, Song T, Liang J, Bai X, Li Y, Wei Y, Huang S, Dong L, Jin Y (2019) Adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution by modified Auricularia matrix waste: a fixed-bed column study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 169:722–729
Rivas MJI, Nonhebel S (2016) Assessing changes in availability of land and water for food (1960-2050): an analysis linking food demand and available resources. Outlook Agri 45(2):124–131
Schmidt C (2014) Raman spectroscopic determination of carbon speciation and quartz solubility in H2O + Na2CO3 and H2O + NaHCO3 fluids to 600 °C and 1.53 GPa. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 145:281–296
Seliman AF, Borai EH (2011) Utilization of natural chabazite and mordenite as a reactive barrier for immobilization of hazardous heavy metals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18(7):1098–1107
Sepehr MN, Zarrabi M, Kazemian H, Amrane A, Yaghmaian K, Ghaffari HR (2013) Removal of hardness agents, calcium and magnesium, by natural and alkaline modified pumice stones in single and binary systems. Appl Surf Sci 274:295–305
Sheikhy Narany T, Sefie A, Aris AZ (2018) The long-term impacts of anthropogenic and natural processes on groundwater deterioration in a multilayered aquifer. Sci Total Environ 630:931–942
Shen X, Qiu G, Yue C, Guo M, Zhang M (2017) Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(27):21829–21835
Song JY, Zou WH, Bian YY, Su FY, Han RP (2011) Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue by peanut husk in batch and column modes. Desalination 265(1-3):119–125
Su Y, Zhao B, Wei Xiao W, Han R (2013) Adsorption behavior of light green anionic dye using cationic surfactant-modified wheat straw in batch and column mode. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:5558–5568
Sulaiman M, Climent E, Hammouti A, Wachs A (2019) Mass transfer towards a reactive particle in a fluid flow: numerical simulations and modeling. Chem Eng Sci 199:496–507
Thombare MA, Chavan PV, Bankar SB, Kalaga DV (2019) Solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed: a way forward. Rev Chem Eng 35(1):1–44
Tomic S, Rajic N, Hrenovic J, Povrenovic D (2012) Removal of Mg from spring water using natural clinoptilolite. Clay Miner 47(1), 81–92
Wang SB, Peng YL (2010) Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J 156(1):11–24
Wen J, Dong HR, Zeng GM (2018) Application of zeolite in removing salinity/sodicity from wastewater: a review of mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. J Clean Prod 197:1435–1446
Xu XY, Jin ZX, Wang B, Lv CP, Hu BB, Shi DZ (2017) Treatment of high-strength ammonium wastewater by polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate immobilization of activated sludge. Process Biochem 63:214–220
Yang XY, Al-Duri B (2005) Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of reactive dyes on activated carbon. J Colloid Interface Sci 287(1):25–34
Ye CS, Yang H, Lin JY, Zeng HM, Yu F (2011) Study on ion exchange property of removing Mn2+ and Fe2+ in groundwater by modified zeolite. Desalin Water Treat 30(1-3):114–121
Yusof AM, Malek NANN, Kamaruzaman NA, Adil M (2010) Removal of Ca2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions by zeolites NaP and KP. Environ Technol 31(1), 41–46
Zhan Y, Lin J, Li J (2013) Preparation and characterization of surfactant-modified hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite and its adsorption behavior toward humic acid and copper(II). Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(4):2512–2526
Zhang W, Zhou Z, An Y, Du SL, Ruan DN, Zhao CY, Ren N, Tian XC (2017) Optimization for zeolite regeneration and nitrogen removal performance of a hypochlorite-chloride regenerant. Chemosphere 178:565–572
Zou C, Jiang W, Liang J, Sun X, Guan Y (2019) Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by adsorption on magnetic bentonite. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(2):1315–1322
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0809904).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, W., Singh, R.P., Jothivel, S. et al. Evaluation of groundwater hardness removal using activated clinoptilolite. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 17541–17549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06193-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06193-9