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Lateral distribution of sediment and phosphorus in a two-stage ditch with partial emergent vegetation on the floodplain

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 26, pages 29351–29365 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Two-stage channels are effective drainage facilities because they can decrease soil erosion and nutrient loss effectively. The lateral distribution of streamwise velocity in two-stage channels has been substantially studied. However, knowledge about the lateral distribution of sediment and phosphorus in two-stage channels with emergent vegetation on the floodplain are limited. In this work, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between current and transport of sediment and phosphorus. Results show that lateral distributions of total suspended sediment (TSS), particulate phosphorus (PP), and dissolved phosphorus (DP) are affected by the lateral variation of streamwise velocity, i.e., larger TSS and DP were found in the main channel, while larger PP appeared in the floodplain. Besides, theoretical models for the lateral distribution of TSS and DP were presented. Three models were adopted to predict the depth-averaged streamwise velocity, and corresponding results have been used to predict the TSS and DP. Comparisons indicated that with a high-precision velocity model, the newly presented analytical models can give satisfied predictions of the lateral distributions of TSS and DP.

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Abbreviations

a :

distance from the side wall of the main channel

a z :

vertical distance to the channel bed

A v :

cross-sectional area of a single rod

B :

total width of the channel

b f :

width of floodplain

C :

DP concentration

C d :

depth-averaged DP concentration

C e :

equilibrium concentration of DP in water

C f :

drag force coefficient

C dinlet :

dissolved phosphorus concentration at inlet

C pinlet :

particulate phosphorus concentration at inlet

C p :

particulate concentration of the nutrient

C s :

quantity of nutrient adsorption

D :

particle diameter

D t :

nutrient diffusion coefficient along y axis

D z :

nutrient diffusion coefficient along z axis

D ∗ :

dimensionless particle diameter

D v :

diameter of single plant

f :

Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

g :

gravitation acceleration

H :

flow depth

H mc :

water depth in main channel

H fp :

water depth in floodplain

k :

von Karman constant

K :

secondary current intensity coefficient

k s :

equivalent sand roughness height

n :

Manning coefficient of the main channel

n f :

comprehensive roughness of floodplain

N v :

number of vegetation 3 per unit area

P :

wetted perimeter

Q :

discharge

R :

hydraulic radius

S a :

lateral reference concentration of sediment

S az :

vertical reference concentration of sediment

S :

sediment concentration

S inlet :

sediment concentration at the inlet

S d :

depth-averaged sediment concentration

S dc :

depth-averaged transport capacity of sediment

S 0 :

longitudinal bed slope

U d :

depth-averaged velocity

u ∗ :

friction velocity

α :

vegetation porosity

ρ :

density of fluid

ρ s :

density of sediment

ξ :

eddy viscosity coefficient

ω :

settling velocity

ω d :

depth-averaged settling velocity

ε sy :

sediment dispersion coefficient along y axis

ε sz :

sediment dispersion coefficient along z axis

ξ non −  vegetated :

lateral eddy viscosity coefficients in the non-vegetated

ξ vegetated :

lateral eddy viscosity coefficients in the vegetated domains

Φ :

Rouse number

λ :

vegetation density

ν :

flow kinematic viscosity

Γ :

secondary current term

U dMan :

velocity obtained from Manning’s equation

Ω :

first-order rate constant

ψ 1 :

rate constant for the chemical reaction

ψ 2 :

rate constant for the biomass reaction

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Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFA0600901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51879197, 51622905), Hubei Natural Science Foundation (2018CFA010), and CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team, and 111 Project (B18037).

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  1. School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China

    Yu Bai & Yuhong Zeng

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  1. Yu Bai
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Correspondence to Yuhong Zeng.

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Bai, Y., Zeng, Y. Lateral distribution of sediment and phosphorus in a two-stage ditch with partial emergent vegetation on the floodplain. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 29351–29365 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06118-6

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Keywords

  • Dissolved phosphorus
  • Particulate phosphorus
  • Total suspended sediment
  • Two-stage channel
  • Vegetation
  • Streamwise velocity