Abstract
Prospective studies indicate that the exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) during fetal life, infancy, and early childhood may be associated with features of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. However, few studies have investigated the concentrations of serum OCPs in children with categorically diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations and detection rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, cyclodienes, and methoxychlor in serum samples of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder (SLD), all of normal intelligence, compared to typically developing controls (TD). In total, 114 schoolchildren, aged 6–13 years old, were assessed and distributed into four groups: ASD (n = 39), ADHD (n = 21), SLD (n = 32), and TD (n = 18). Each clinical group was compared to the TD group. Concentrations of serum OCPs were determined by gas chromatography and are presented as ng/g lipid. Concentrations of β-HCH, the sum of HCH isomers, and o,p′-DDD were significantly higher in ASD children: ASD vs. TD (mean ± SD): 10.5 ± 7.7 vs. 6.1 ± 4.0, (p = 0.049); 12.0 ± 10.3 vs. 6.6 ± 4.0, (p = 0.025); 7.4 ± 6.5 vs. 2.8 ± 2.3, (p = 0.0019), respectively. The detection rates of p,p′-DDT, at least one substance from DDTs detected, and the cyclodiene heptachlor epoxide, were significantly lower in the ASD group: ASD vs. TD: 12.8% vs. 38.9%, (p = 0.037); 69.2% vs. 94.4%, (p = 0.044); 10.3% vs. 38.9%, (p = 0.026), respectively. No significant differences between the ADHD or SLD groups and the TD group were observed. We demonstrated higher serum concentrations and lower detection rates of selected OCPs in ASD than TD children. Our results add to potential neurodevelopmental concerns surrounding OCPs and provide evidence of specificity in the relations between HCHs and ASD.
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Abbreviations
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- OCPs:
-
Organochlorine pesticides
- HCH:
-
Hexachlorocyclohexane
- DDT:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DDE:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDD:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
- ASD:
-
Autism spectrum disorder
- ADHD:
-
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- SLD:
-
Specific learning disorder
- TD:
-
Typically developing controls
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The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, KSU, for the technical support.
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Makris, G., Chrousos, G.P., Anesiadou, S. et al. Serum concentrations and detection rates of selected organochlorine pesticides in a sample of Greek school-aged children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 23739–23753 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05666-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05666-1