Abstract
Fossil fuel resource is on the draining stage which leads to an increment in the cost of the petroleum products. Nowadays, research is focused on the development of environment-friendly lubricants which are derivatives of renewable sources. Bio-lubricants based on non-edible oil sources are environmentally friendly because they are non-hazardous and biodegradable and no emission of toxic gases were detected when they are used. This study involves the characterizations and advantages, as well as utilization of inedible plant oil–driven bio-lubricants as an alternative for tribological applications. This report also presents the status of the global lubricant market as well as the potential outlook of the bio-lubricants for their future usage. Non-edible plant oil–driven bio-lubricants bear high viscosity, high lubricity, and high viscosity index which can enhance the equipment service life and deserve the ability to carry the high load and results in a minimum amount of metal traces during combustion while applied to engines. Beside their advantages, some of the disadvantages are also there which can be addressed by the employment of certain additives available according to the applications. The detailed study about the different additives utilized during their use in the internal combustion engine is also described in detail during this study. This study provides a detailed description of the possibilities associated with bio-lubricant based on non-edible oil feedstocks to the automotive sector applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BSFC:
-
Brake-specific fuel consumption
- BTE:
-
Brake thermal efficiency
- IC:
-
Internal combustion
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared
References
Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R (2008) Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenergy 32(12):1063–1084
Adhvaryu A, Erhan SZ, Perez JM (2004) Tribological studies of thermally and chemically modified vegetable oils for use as environmentally friendly lubricants. Wear 257:359–367
Agarwal AK, Rajamanoharan K (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energ Combust 33(3):233–271
Agarwal SM, Lahanea S, Patila NG, Brahmankarb PK (2014) Experimental investigations into wear characteristics of M2 steel using cotton seed oil, 12th global congress on manufacturing and management, procedia eng, 97, 4–14
Ahmad AL, Yasin NHM, Derek CJC, Lim JK (2011) Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15(1):584–593
Akbar E, Yaakob Z, Kamarudin SK, Ismail M, Salimon J (2009) Characteristic and composition of jatropha curcas oil seed from Malaysia and its potential as biodiesel feedstock. Eur J Sci Res 29(3):396–403
Alves SM, Barros BS, Trajano MF, Ribeiro KSB, Moura E (2013) Tribological behavior of vegetable oil-based lubricants with nanoparticles of oxides in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 65:28–36
Arumugam S, Sriram G (2012) Effect of bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated lubricant on tribological behavior of cylinder liner–piston ring combination. Tribol Trans 55:438–445
Arumugam S, Sriram G, Ellappan R (2014) Bio-lubricant-biodiesel combination of rapeseed oil: an experimental investigation on engine oil tribology, performance, and emissions of variable compression engine. Energy 72:618–627
Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL (1997) Lubrication properties of castor oil-potential basestock for biodegradable lubricant. Lubr Eng 53:35–40
Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Badruddin IA (2013) Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 18:211–245
Azam MM, Waris A, Nahar NM (2005) Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass Bioenergy 29(4):293–302
Bart JCJ, Gucciardi E, Cavallaro S (2013) Lubricant: properties and characteristics. Bio-lubricants science and technology Woodhead publishing series in energy 24–73
Battersby NS (2000) The biodegradability and microbial toxicity testing of lubricants-some recommendations. Chemosphere 41:1011–1027
Bekal S, Bhat NR (2012) Bio-lubricant as an alternative to mineral oil for a CI engine— an experimental investigation with pongamia oil as a lubricant. Energ Source Part A 34:1016–2106
Beran E, Los M, Kmiecik A (2008) Influence of thermo-oxidative degradation on the biodegradability of lubricant base oils. J Synth Lubr 25:75–83
Bhale PV, Deshpande NV, Thombre SB (2008) Simulation of wear characteristics of cylinder liner ring combination with diesel and biodiesel. SAE NUMBER 2008280107:2008
Bokade VV, Yadav GD (2007) Synthesis of bio-diesel and bio-lubricant by transesterification of vegetable oil with lower and higher alcohols over heteropolyacids supported by clay (K-10). Process Saf Environ Prot 85(5):372–377
Bongardt F, Willing A (2003) European ecolabels for biodegradable hydraulic oils, a challenge to base materials producers and formulators. J Synth Lubr 20:53–68
Borugadda VB, Goud VV (2016) Improved thermo-oxidative stability of structurally modified waste cooking oil methyl esters for bio-lubricant application. J Clean Prod 112(5):4515–4524
Bouflet A, Duteurte P, Airard P (1991) A challenge for the lubricant industries. Petrol Technol 362:65–79
Cecutti C, Agius D (2008) Ecotoxicity and biodegradability in soil and aqueous media of lubricants used in forestry applications. Bioresour Technol 99:8492–8496
Chapagain BP, Yehoshua Y, Wiesman Z (2009) Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) as an arid lands sustainable bioresource for biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 100(3):1221–1226
Chauhan PS, Chhibber DVK (2013) Non-edible oil as a source of bio-lubricant for industrial applications: a review. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 2:299–305
Chung KH (2010) Transesterification of Camellia japonica and Vernicia fordii seed oils on alkali catalysts for biodiesel production. J Ind Eng Chem 16(4):506–509
Demirbas A (2009) Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energ Convers Manage 50(1):14–34
Devan PK, Mahalakshmi NV (2009) Utilization of unattended methyl ester of paradise oil as fuel in diesel engine. Fuel 88(10):1828–1833
Emmanuel AO, Jesu MO (2009) Biodegradation of mineral oils-a review. Afr J Biotechnol 8(6):915–920
Erhan SZ, Asadauskas S (2000) Lubricant base stocks from vegetable oils. Ind Crop Prod 11:277–282
Erhan SZ, Sharma BK, Perez JM (2006) Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Ind Crop Prod 24(3):292–299
Freedonia group Inc (2009) World Lubricants to 2012-Market research, Market share, Market size, Sales, Demand forecast, Market leaders, Company profiles, Industry trends. Freedonia group study#2454, Cleveland, OH (February, 2009)
Freedonia group Inc (2013) World Lubricants-Industry study with forecasts for 2017 &2022. Freedonia group study#3040, Cleveland, OH (July, 2013)
Guezmil M, Bensalah W, Mezlini S (2016) Effect of bio-lubrication on the tribological behaviour of UHMWPE against M30NW stainless steel. Tribol Int 94:550–559
Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2008) Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33(11):1646–1653
Hasni K, Ilham Z, Dharma S, Varman M (2017) Optimization of biodiesel production from Brucea javanica seeds oil as novel non-edible feedstock using response surface methodology. Energy Converse Manage 149:392–400
Haus F, German J, Junter G-A (2001) Primary biodegradability of mineral base oils in relation to their chemical and physical charaterictics. Chemosphere 45(6–7):983–990
He Z, Lu J, Zeng X, Shao H, Ren T, Liu W (2004) Study of the tribological behaviors of S, P-containing triazine derivatives as additives in rapeseed oil. Wear 257:389–394
Heikal EK, Elmelawy MS, Khalil SA, Elbasuny NM (2016) Manufacturing of environment friendly bio-lubricants from vegetable oils. Egypt J Pet 26:53–59
Honory L (2010) Biodegradable/biobased lubricants and greases. Machinary Lubrication. Noria Publication
Hwang H-S, Erhan S (2001) Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with improved oxidative stability and low pour point. J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:1179–1184
Ivan-Tan CT, Islam A, Yunus R, Taufiq-Yap YH (2017) Screening of solid base catalysts on palm oil based bio-lubricant synthesis. J Clean Prod 148:441–451
Jayadas NH, Nair KP, Ajithkumar G (2007) Tribological evaluation of coconut oil as an environment friendly lubricant. Tribol Int 40:350–354
Johnson M, Miller M (2010) Eco-friendly fluids for the lubricants industry. Tribology and lubrication technology pp 28–34
Koh MY, Ghazi TIM (2011) A review of biodiesel production from jatropha curcas L. oil. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15(5):2240–2251
Lata K, Mande SP (2009) In: Kishore VVN (ed) Bio-energy resources. In: renewable energy engineering and technology: principles and practice. Earthscan Publishers, London
Lathi PS, Mattiasson B (2007) Green approach for the preparation of biodegradable lubricant base stock from epoxidized vegetable oil. Appl Catal B Environ 69:207–212
Liu Y, Xin HI, Yan YJ (2009) Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification. Ind Crop Prod 30(3):431–436
Luna FMT, Cavalcante JB, Silva FON Jr, C.L.C (2015) Studies on biodegradability of bio-based lubricants. Tribol Int 92:301–306
Mang T, Dresel W (2007) Lubricants and lubrication. Wiley-VCH (second completely revised and extended edition), Weinheim
Mang T, Lingg G, Mang IT, Dresel W (2007) Base oils, lubricants and lubrication. In: Lubricants and lubrication. John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, pp 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610341.ch4
Martín-Alfonso JE, Valencia C (2015) Tribological, rheological, and microstructural characterization of oleogels based on EVA copolymer and vegetables oils for lubricant applications. Tribol Int 90:426–434
Miksic B, Kharshan M, Furman A, Wuertz B, Rogan I (2009). Biodegradable VPCI building block for biofuels. Goriva Maziva 2007;46-5:403–18. In: Maru MM, Lucchese MM, Legnani C, Quirino WG, Balbo A, Aranha IB, et al. Biodiesel compatibility with carbon steel and HDPE parts. Fuel Process Technol;90:1175–82
Miller AL, Stipe CB, Habjan MC, Gilbert AG (2007) Role of lubrication oil in particulate emissions from a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. Environ Sci Technol 41:6828–6835
Mobarak HM, Mohamad EN, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Mahmud Al KAH, Habibullah M, Ashraful AM (2014) The prospects of bio-lubricants as alternatives in automotive applications. Renew Sust Energy Rev 33:34–43
Mohamed MM, Sivapirakasam SP, Udayakumar M (2011) Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission characteristics fueled by rice bran and pongamia methyl ester and their blend with diesel. Energy 36(5):2343–2351
Moser BR, Eller FJ, Tisserat BH, Gravett A (2011) Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from osage orange (Maclura pomifera) oil and evaluation as biodiesel. Energy Fuel 25:1869–1877
Munoz RAA, Fernandes DM, Santos DQ, Tatielli GGB, Raquel MFS (2012) In: Fang Z (ed) Biodiesel: production, characterization, metallic corrosion and analytical methods for contaminants. Biodiesel - feedstocks, production and applications. Tech. Publishers, chaper 6. https://doi.org/10.5772/53655
Nagendramma P, Kaul S (2010) Study of synthesized eco-friendly biodegradable esters: fire resistance and lubricating properties. J Synth Lubr 22(January):103–110
Nagendramma P, Kaul S (2012) Development of ecofriendly/biodegradable lubricants: an overview. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16:764–774
No SY (2011) Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15(1):131–149
Ong HC, Silitonga AS, Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI, Chong WT, Boosroh MH (2013) Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils : Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra. Energ Convers Manag 73:245–255
Padmaja KV, Rao BVSK, Reddy RK, Bhaskar PS, Singh AK, Prasad RBN (2012) 10-Undecenoic acid-based polyol esters as potential lubricant base stocks. Ind Crop Prod 35:237–240
Panchal TM, Patel A, Chauhan DD, Thomas M, Patel JV (2017) A methodological review on bio-lubricants from vegetable oil based resources. Renew Sust Energ Rev 70:65–70
Pinzi S, Garcia IL, Gimenez FJL, Castro MDL, Dorado G, Dorado MP (2009) The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition: a review of social, economical and technical implications. Energ Fuel 23:2325–2341
Quinchia L, Delgado M, Valencia C, Franco J, Gallegos C (2009) Viscosity modification of high-oleic sunflower oil with polymeric additives for the design of new bio-lubricant formulations. Environ Sci Technol 43:2060–2065
Quinchia L, Delgado M, Valencia C, Franco J, Gallegos C (2010) Viscosity modification of different vegetable oils with EVA copolymer for lubricant applications. Ind Crop Prod 32:607–612
Raj FRMS, Sahayaraj JW (2010) A comparative study over alternative fuel (biodiesel) for environmental friendly emission. Recent advances in space technology services and climate change (RSTSCC). pp. 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1109/RSTSCC.2010.5712805
Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C (2005a) Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines. Renew Energ 30(5):795–803
Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C (2005b) Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel 84(4):335–340
Ruggiero A, D’Amato R, Merola M, Valasek P, Muller M (2017) Tribological characterization of vegetal lubricants: comparative experimental investigation on Jatropha curcas L. oil, rapeseed methyl ester oil, hydrotreated rapeseed oil. Trobol Int 109:529–540
Sahoo PK, Das LM, Babu MKG, Naik SN (2007) Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine. Fuel 86(3):448–454
Sarin R, Sharma M, Khan AA (2009) Studies on Guizotia abyssinica L. oil: biodiesel synthesis and process optimization. Bioresource Technol 100(18):4187–4192
Shahabuddin M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA (2013) Experimental investigation into tribological characteristics of bio-lubricant formaulated from jatropha oil, 5th BSME international conference on thermal engineering. Proceedia Eng 56:597–606
Sharma RV, Dalai Ak (2013) Synthesis of bio-lubricant from epoxy canola oil using sulfated Ti-SBA-15 catalyst. Appl Catal B 142-143:604–614
Singh A (2011) Castor oil based lubricant reduces smoke emission in two stroke engines. Ind Crop Prod 33:287–295
Singh Y (2015) Tribological behavior as lubricant additive and physiochemical characterization of jatropha oil blends. Friction 3(4):320–332
Singh SP, Singh D (2010) Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(1):200–216
Singh A, Pandey N, Gupta A (2005) A composition of lubricating oil for two stroke engine and process for the preparation there of. 3335DEL2005, 262NF 2005
Singh A, Gupta A, Chhibber VA (2006) Composition of biodegradable gear oil. 59NF 2006 0787DEL 2006
Singh A, Gupta A, Joshi P (2007) A composition of hydraulic fluid and process for the preparation thereof. US 20070060486 A1 2007
Singh Y, Singla A, Singh AK (2017a) Tribological characteristics of mongongo-oil-based-biodiesel blended lubricant. Energ Sources Part A 39(3):332–338
Singh Y, Singla A, Singh AK, Upadhyay AK (2017b) Tribological characterization of Pongamia pinnata oil blended bio-lubricant. Biofuels 9:523–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1292017
Ssempebwa JC, Carpenter DO (2009) The generation, use and disposal of waste crancase oil in developing countries: a case for Kampala district, Uganda. J Hazard Mater 161:835–841
Suhane A, Rehman A, Khaira HK (2013) Tribological investigation of mahua oil based lubricant for maintenance applications. Int J Eng Res App 3(4):2367–2371
Syahir AZ, Zulkifli NWM, Alabdulkarem A, Gulzar M, Khuong LS, Harith MH (2017) A review on bio-based lubricants and their applications. J Clean Prod 168:997–1016
Syers JK, Wood D, Thongbai P (2008) Proceedings of the international technical workshop on the feasibility of non-edible oil seed crops for biofuel production. 23–38. Botanic garden of Indian Republic (BGIR). Database of oil yielding plants. 2004 (cited 21 December 2014); available from: http://www.mnre.gov.in/list/oil-plants.pdfS. Accessed 21 Feb 2018
Tung SC, McMillan ML (2004) Automotive tribology overview of current advances and challenges for the future. Tribol Int 37:517–536
Udonne JD (2011) A comparative study of recycling of used lubrication oils using distillation, acid and activated charcoal with clay methods. J Pet Gas Eng 2(2):12–19
Usta N, Aydogan B, Uguzdogan E, Ozkal S (2011) Properties and quality verification of biodiesel produced from tobacco seed oil. Energy Convers Manag 52:2031–2039
Veljkovic VB, Lakicevic SH, Stamenkovic OS, Todorovic ZB, Lazic ML (2006) Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids. Fuel 85(17–18):2671–2675
Videla HA, Gdmez de Saravia SG, Guiamet PS, Allegreti P, Furlong J (2011) Microbial degradation of film-forming inhibitors and its possible effects on corrosion inhibition performance corrosion/2000. Paper no.00386. Houston, TX: NACE international; 2000. In: Fazal MA, Haseeb ASMA, Masjuki HH, biodiesel feasibility study: an evaluation of material compatibility; performance; emission and engine durability. Renew Sust Energy Rev 15:1314–1324
Willing A (2001) Lubricants based on renewable resource- an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products. Chemosphere 43:89–98
Wu Y, Li W, Zhang M, Wang X (2013) Improvement of oxidative stability of trimethylolpropane trioleate lubricant. Thermochim Acta 559:112–118
Yang FX, Su YQ, Li XH, Zhang Q, Sun RC (2009) Preparation of biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil. Ind Crop Prod 29(2–3):622–628
Yang L, Takase M, Zhang M, Zhao T, Wu X (2014) Potential non-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel production in Africa: a survey. Renew Sust Energ Rev 38:461–477
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur, Rajasthan that made this study possible.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, Y., Sharma, A. & Singla, A. Non-edible vegetable oil–based feedstocks capable of bio-lubricant production for automotive sector applications—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 14867–14882 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05000-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05000-9