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Phosphorous in the environment: characteristics with distribution and effects, removal mechanisms, treatment technologies, and factors affecting recovery as minerals in natural and engineered systems

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Abstract

Phosphorus (P), an essential element for living cells, is present in different soluble and adsorbed chemical forms found in soil, sediment, and water. Most species are generally immobile and easily adsorbed onto soil particles. However, P is a major concern owing to its serious environmental effects (e.g., eutrophication, scale formation) when found in excess in natural or engineered environments. Commercial chemicals, fertilizers, sewage effluent, animal manure, and agricultural waste are the major sources of P pollution. But there is limited P resources worldwide. Therefore, the fate, effects, and transport of P in association with its removal, treatment, and recycling in natural and engineered systems are important. P removal and recycling technologies utilize different types of physical, biological, and chemical processes. Moreover, P minerals (struvite, vivianite, etc.) can precipitate and form scales in drinking water and wastewater systems. Hence, P minerals (e.g., struvite, vivianite etc.) are problems when left uncontrolled and unmonitored although their recovery is beneficial (e.g., slow release fertilizers, sustainable P sources, soil enhancers). Sources like wastewater, human waste, waste nutrient solution, etc. can be used for P recycling. This review paper extensively summarizes the importance and distribution of P in different environmental compartments, the effects of P in natural and engineered systems, P removal mechanisms through treatment, and recycling technologies specially focusing on various types of phosphate mineral precipitation. In particular, the factors controlling mineral (e.g., struvite and vivianite) precipitation in natural and engineered systems are also discussed.

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Funding

This work was supported by a Nuclear Core Technology of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korean government’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. 20171510300670), a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2018R1A2B6001660), and the Environmental Engineering Program of Manhattan College, NY, USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, 3825 Corlear Avenue, Riverdale, Bronx, NY, 10471, USA

    Hossain M Azam, Djigui David Stéphane Yameogo & Arvind Damodara Kannan

  2. Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneungsi, Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea

    Seemi Tasnim Alam

  3. University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea

    Seemi Tasnim Alam

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA

    Mahmudul Hasan & Arifur Rahman

  5. Freese and Nichols, Inc., 2711 N Haskell Avenue, Suite 3300, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA

    Arifur Rahman

  6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea

    Man Jae Kwon

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Azam, H.M., Alam, S.T., Hasan, M. et al. Phosphorous in the environment: characteristics with distribution and effects, removal mechanisms, treatment technologies, and factors affecting recovery as minerals in natural and engineered systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 20183–20207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04732-y

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