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Effect of elevated benzophenone-4 (BP4) concentration on Chlorella vulgaris growth and cellular metabolisms

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Abstract

Benzophenone-4 (BP4), as the raw material of common sunscreen products, usually shows strong eco-toxicity and endocrine-disrupting activity in aquatic animals. However, the potential adverse effect of BP4 on aquatic vegetation is still unclear. In order to evaluate the inhibitory effect of BP4 on phytoplankton, wild and acclimated Chlorella vulgaris was used as representative aquatic plant cells and experimental studies were conducted on the characteristics of its growth and cellular metabolisms upon exposure to elevated BP4 concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg L−1). C. vulgaris basically appeared low sensitivity to BP4 exposure because the 96-h EC50 was measured as 65.16 mg L−1 for its wild type. The 96-h EC50 of the acclimated type, which was pre-exposed to 10 mg L−1 of BP4 and transferred twice, was 140.76 mg L−1. By cellular response tests regarding non-enzymatic antioxidants carotenoid content, malondialdehyde (MDA), enzyme antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the photosynthetic efficiency, it was clarified that increasing exposure concentration elevated the hindrance to cellular metabolism. However, the rate of BP4 utilization as substrates for C. vulgaris growth showed a trend of decreasing with increasing BP4 concentration. The higher 96-h EC50 value of the acclimated C. vulgaris to BP4 inhibition than the wild C. vulgaris showed the enhanced tolerance capability; however, the continuous stress response of acclimated type should be taken into account when using microalgae species for toxicity assessment.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51508448, 51778522), the Science Foundation for Fostering Talents of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (RC1721), the National Program of Water Pollution Control (No. 2014ZX07323001), and the Program for Innovative Research Team in Shaanxi Province (No. 2013KCT-13).

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Correspondence to Xiaochang C. Wang.

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Responsible editor: Cinta Porte

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Huang, Y., Luo, L., Ma, X.Y. et al. Effect of elevated benzophenone-4 (BP4) concentration on Chlorella vulgaris growth and cellular metabolisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 32549–32561 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3171-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3171-z

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