Abstract
FeCl3, quick lime, and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) were used for excess sludge conditioning from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the dewatering performance by different chemical conditioners was investigated. Experimental results showed that FeCl3 could make small and concentrated sludge particles. Furthermore, new mineral phase structures for building a dewatering framework were obtained by the addition of quick lime, and the coagulation capacity was enhanced by the formation of colloid hydroxyl polymer, which was induced due to the alkaline environment. In addition, the floc particle size significantly increased after the CPAM dosage. The bound water could be released with the stripping of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Therefore, the dewatering performance and efficiencies were improved and subsequently the hypothetical sludge deep dewatering process was depicted in accordance with the variation of EPS. However, high-strength refractory organics in sludge filtrates caused by quick lime pyrolysis could lead to the unstable operation of the WWTP, because the relatively high concentrations of organic compounds with benzene were dominant in sludge dewatering filtrates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adav SS, Lee DJ (2008) Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granule with compact interior structure. J Hazard Mater 154:1120–1126
Adav SS, Lee DJ, Tay JH (2008) Extracellular polymeric substances and structural stability of aerobic granule. Water Res 42:1644–1650
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Cehreli ZC, Isbitiren B, Sara S, Erbas G (2011) Regenerative endodontic treatment (revascularization) of immature necrotic molars medicated with calcium hydroxide: a case series. J Endod 37:1327–1330
Chen Z, Zhang W, Wang D, Ma T, Bai R (2015) Enhancement of activated sludge dewatering performance by combined composite enzymatic lysis and chemical re-flocculation with inorganic coagulants: kinetics of enzymatic reaction and re-flocculation morphology. Water Res 83:367–376
Deng M, Zhang Y, Quan X, Na C, Chen S, Liu W, Han S, Masunaga S (2017) Acute toxicity reduction and toxicity identification in pigment contaminated wastewater during anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A/A/O) treatment process. Chemosphere 168:1285–1292
Devaraj S, Jagannathan N, Neelakantan P (2016) Antibiofilm efficacy of photoactivated curcumin, triple and double antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus fecalis in vitro. Sci Rep 6:24797
Devlin TR, di Biase A, Wei V, Elektorowicz M, Oleszkiewicz JA (2017) Removal of soluble phosphorus from surface water using iron (Fe-Fe) and aluminum (Al-Al) electrodes. Environ Sci Technol 51:13825–13833
Dong B, Liu X, Dai L, Dai X (2012) Changes of heavy metal speciation during high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 131:152–158
Feng G, Tan W, Zhong N, Liu L (2014) Effects of thermal treatment on physical and expression dewatering characteristics of municipal sludge. Chem Eng J 247:223–230
Folgueras MB, Diaz RM (2010) Influence of FeCl(3) and lime added to sludge on sludge-coal pyrolysis. Energy 35:5250–5259
Frolund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, Nielsen PH (1996) Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res 30:1749–1758
Gaudy A (1962) Colorimetric determination of protein and carbohydrate. Ind Water Wastes 7:17–22
He D, Zhang Y, He C, Yu H (2017) Changing profiles of bound water content and distribution in the activated sludge treatment by NaCl addition and pH modification. Chemosphere 186:702–708
Henych J, Stengl V, Slusna M, Grygar TM, Janos P, Kuran P, Stastny M (2015) Degradation of organophosphorus pesticide parathion methyl on nanostructured titania-iron mixed oxides. Appl Surf Sci 344:9–16
Hong C, Si Y, Xing Y, Wang Z, Qiao Q, Liu M (2015) Effect of surfactant on bound water content and extracellular polymers substances distribution in sludge. RSC Adv 5:23383–23390
Jin B, Wilen BM, Lant P (2004) Impacts of morphological, physical and chemical properties of sludge flocs on dewaterability of activated sludge. Chem Eng J 98:115–126
Jin L, Zhang P, Zhang G, Li J (2016) Study of sludge moisture distribution and dewatering characteristic after cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) conditioning. Desalin Water Treat 57:29377–29383
Karthikeyan R, Selvam A, Cheng K, Wong JW (2016) Influence of ionic conductivity in bioelectricity production from saline domestic sewage sludge in microbial fuel cells. Bioresour Technol 200:845–852
Li J, Liu X, Sun Z, Pan L (2016) Novel Bi2MoO6/TiO2 heterostructure microspheres for degradation of benzene series compound under visible light irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci 463:145–153
Li H, Wang Y, Zheng H (2018) Variations of moisture and organics in activated sludge during Fe-0/S2O82- conditioning-horizontal electro-dewatering process. Water Res 129:83–93
Liang Z, Li W, Yang S, Du P (2010) Extraction and structural characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pellets in autotrophic nitrifying biofilm and activated sludge. Chemosphere 81:626–632
Liao B, Allen DG, Droppo IG, Leppard GG, Liss SN (2000) Bound water content of activated sludge and its relationship to solids retention time, floc structure, and surface properties. Water Environ Res 72:722–730
Liu H, Yang J, Zhu N, Zhang H, Li Y, He S, Yang C, Yao H (2013) A comprehensive insight into the combined effects of Fenton’s reagent and skeleton builders on sludge deep dewatering performance. J Hazard Mater 258:144–150
Liu H, Zhang Q, Hu H, Liu P, Hu X, Li A, Yao H (2015) Catalytic role of conditioner CaO in nitrogen transformation during sewage sludge pyrolysis. Proc Combust Inst 35:2759–2766
Liu J, Zeng J, Sun S, Huang S, Kuo J, Chen N (2016) Combined effects of FeCl3 and CaO conditioning on SO2, HCl and heavy metals emissions during the DDSS incineration. Chem Eng J 299:449–458
Loginov M, Citeau M, Lebovka N, Vorobiev E (2012) Evaluation of low-pressure compressibility and permeability of bentonite sediment from centrifugal consolidation data. Sep Purif Technol 92:168–173
Lv X, Song J, Li J, Zhai K (2017) Reduction of excess sludge in a sequencing batch reactor by lysis-cryptic growth using quick lime for disintegration under low temperature. Environ Technol 38:1835–1842
Ma B, Wang S, Cao S, Miao Y, Jia F, Du R, Peng Y (2016) Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox: recent advances. Bioresour Technol 200:981–990
Mowla D, Tran HN, Allen DG (2013) A review of the properties of biosludge and its relevance to enhanced dewatering processes. Biomass Bioenergy 58:365–378
Murugesan K, Ravindran B, Selvam A, Kurade MB, Yu SM, Wong JWC (2016) Fate of extracellular polymeric substances of anaerobically digested sewage sludge during pre-dewatering conditioning with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans culture. Bioresour Technol 217:173–178
Nittami T, Uematsu K, Nabatame R, Kondo K, Takeda M, Matsumoto K (2015) Effect of compressibility of synthetic fibers as conditioning materials on dewatering of activated sludge. Chem Eng J 268:86–91
Niu T, Zhou Z, Ren W, Jiang L, Li B, Wei H, Li J, Wang L (2016) Effects of potassium peroxymonosulfate on disintegration of waste sludge and properties of extracellular polymeric substances. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 106:170–177
Pronk M, de Kreuk MK, de Bruin B, Kamminga P, Kleerebezem R, van Loosdrecht MCM (2015) Full scale performance of the aerobic granular sludge process for sewage treatment. Water Res 84:207–217
Sarma SJ, Tay JH, Chu A (2017) Finding knowledge gaps aerobic granulation technology. Trends Biotechnol 35:66–78
Sawalha O, Scholz M (2010) Modeling the relationship between capillary suction time and specific resistance to filtration. J Environ Eng ASCE 136:983–991
Subramanian SB, Yan S, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY (2010) Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains of municipal wastewater sludge: isolation, molecular identification, EPS characterization and performance for sludge settling and dewatering. Water Res 44:2253–2266
Sun X, Liu C, Ma Y (2011) Enhanced Cu(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption capacity on poly(ethylenimine) grafted aerobic granular sludge. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 82:456–462
Tian J, Ernst M, Cui F, Jekel M (2013) KMnO4 pre-oxidation combined with FeCl3 coagulation for UF membrane fouling control. Desalination 320:40–48
Wan C, Ding S, Zhang C, Tan X, Zou W, Liu X, Yang X (2017) Simultaneous recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from sludge fermentation liquid by zeolite adsorption: mechanism and application. Sep Purif Technol 180:1–12
Wang S, Shi W, Yu S, Yi X, Yang X (2012) Formation of aerobic granules by Mg2+ and Al3+ augmentation in sequencing batch airlift reactor at low temperature. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 35:1049–1055
Wang S, Yang YK, Chen XG, Lv JZ, Li J (2017a) Effects of bamboo powder and rice husk powder conditioners on sludge dewatering and filtrate quality. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 124:288–296
Wang H, Wang H, Hu H, Zeng RJ (2017b) Applying rheological analysis to understand the mechanism of polyacrylamide (PAM) conditioning for sewage sludge dewatering. RSC Adv 7:30274–30282
Wang C, Wang A, Zhang R, Zhang N, Feng Y (2018) Identification of newly discovered degradation intermediates of benzene compounds. J Adv Oxid Technol 21:20170092
Yang Y, Chen T, Morrison L, Gerrity S, Collins G, Porca E, Li R, Zhan X (2017) Nanostructured pyrrhotite supports autotrophic denitrification for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from secondary effluents. Chem Eng J 328:511–518
Yu W, Yang J, Shi Y, Jian S, Yao S, Xiao J, Chao L, Xu X, Shu H, Sha L (2016) Roles of iron species and pH optimization on sewage sludge conditioning with Fenton’s reagent and lime. Water Res 95:124–133
Zhang X, Tao Y, Hu J, Liu G, Spanjers H, van Lier JB (2016) Biomethanation and microbial community changes in a digester treating sludge from a brackish aquaculture recirculation system. Bioresour Technol 214:338–347
Zhang Q, Liu H, Lu G, Yi L, Hu H, Chi H, Yao H (2017) Mechanism of conditioner CaO on NOx precursors evolution during sludge steam gasification. Proc Combust Inst 36:4003–4010
Zhen GY, Lu XQ, Li YY, Zhao YC (2013) Innovative combination of electrolysis and Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation for improving the dewaterability of waste activated sludge. Bioresour Technol 136:654–663
Zheng Y, Ke L, Xia D, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Li H, Li Q (2016) Enhancement of digestates dewaterability by CTAB combined with CFA pretreatment. Sep Purif Technol 163:282–289
Funding
This study received financial support from the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (2013ZX07315-003, 2017ZX07202-001), the Jiangsu Provincial Policy Guidance Program (No. BY205019-27), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. JUSRP51512).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Bingcai Pan
Highlights
1. Both sludge water and organic content significantly decreased by chemical conditioning.
2. The alkaline environment enhanced the conversion of TB-EPS to SMP and LB-EPS.
3. The bound water was simultaneously released with the loss of TB-EPS.
4. The ratio of organic compounds with benzene series from filtrate was as high as 58.56%.
5. Hypothesis of sludge dewatering process by chemical conditioners was depicted.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Ma, C., Zhu, Y. et al. Deep dewatering process of sludge by chemical conditioning and its potential influence on wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 33838–33846 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2351-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2351-1