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Promoting sun light-induced photocatalytic degradation of toxic phenols by efficient and stable double metal cyanide nanocubes

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Abstract

Aromatic substituted phenols and their by-products discharged from numerous industries are of environmental concern due to their toxic, carcinogenic, recalcitrant, and bioaccumulating properties. Therefore, their complete removal from waters by low-cost, efficient, environmentally friendly nanomaterial-based treatment techniques is desirable. Double metal cyanide complexes (DMCC) are the extremely useful heterogeneous and recoverable catalyst. Hence, green route has been developed for several DMCC and their photocatalytic efficiency was evaluated for degradation of toxic phenols. Herein, nanocubes for hexacyanocobaltate of iron (FeHCC ~ 200 nm), nickel (NiHCC < 10 nm), and zinc (ZnHCC ~ 500 nm) were synthesized after employing Aegle marmelos. Subsequently, at neutral pH and sunlight irradiation, 15 mg of catalysts were able to degrade the maximum extent of phenols (1 × 10−4 M) in the order: 3-aminophenol (96% ZnHCC > 94% FeHCC > 93% NiHCC) > phenol (94% ZnHCC > 92% FeHCC > 91% NiHCC) > 2,4-DNP (92% ZnHCC > 91% FeHCC > 90% NiHCC). This is attributed to highest basicity of 3-aminophenol containing excess of free electrons. Highest catalytic potential of ZnHCC (Xm = 0.54–0.43 mg/g) is because of its highest surface area and negative zeta potential along with sharp morphology and crystallinity. Adsorption of phenols over catalyst was statistically significant with Langmuir isotherms (R2 ≥ 0.96; p value ≤ 0.05). Small and non-toxic by-products like oxalic acid, benzoquinone, (Z)-hex-3-enedioic acid, (Z)-but-2-enal, and (Z)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid were identified in GC-MS. Degradation modes involving hydroxylation, oxidative skeletal rearrangement, and ring opening clearly supported enhanced oxidation of phenols by •OH. Overall, due to greater active sites, high surface activity, low band gap, and semiconducting nature, DMCC revealed promising potential for solar photocatalytic remediation of wastewater.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to DST-FIST New Delhi for providing the equipment (UV-VIS spectrophotometer) used in characterization of the samples. Authors are also thankful to MNIT Jaipur and SAIF Laboratory, Panjab University, for TEM and GC-MS analysis, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India

    Manviri Rani & Uma Shanker

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  1. Manviri Rani
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  2. Uma Shanker
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Correspondence to Uma Shanker.

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Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai

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Rani, M., Shanker, U. Promoting sun light-induced photocatalytic degradation of toxic phenols by efficient and stable double metal cyanide nanocubes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 23764–23779 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2214-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2214-9

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