Abstract
Urban agriculture is crucial to local populations, but the risk of it contaminating water has rarely been documented. The aim of this study was to assess pesticide contamination of surface waters from the Méfou watershed (Yaoundé, Cameroon) by 32 selected herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides (mainly polar) according to their local application, using both grab sampling and polar organic compounds integrative samplers (POCIS). Three sampling campaigns were conducted in the March/April and October/November 2015 and June/July 2016 rainy seasons in urban and peri-urban areas. The majority of the targeted compounds were detected. The quantification frequencies of eight pesticides were more than 20% with both POCIS and grab sampling, and that of diuron and atrazine reached 100%. Spatial differences in contamination were evidenced with higher contamination in urban than peri-urban rivers. In particular, diuron was identified as an urban contaminant of concern because its concentrations frequently exceeded the European water quality guideline of 0.200 μg/L in freshwater and may thus represent an ecological risk due to a risk quotient > 1 for algae observed in 94% of grab samples. This study raises concerns about the impacts of urban agriculture on the quality of water resources and to a larger extent on the health of the inhabitants of cities in developing countries.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Moïse NOLA (University of Yaoundé I) for his advice and support, Jean-Claude NTONGA, and Henriette ATEBA MASSUSSI (Cameroonian Institute of Geological and Mineral Researches) for their welcome and support and Alain FEZEU and Sylvie SPINELLI for their technical and field assistance.
Funding
This study was financed by LMI PICASS’EAU, HydroSciences Montpellier Lab., Montpellier Institute of Water and Environment and Institut Mines Télécom Mines Alès.
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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Highlights
• Pesticides contaminate surface waters in urban and peri-urban areas (Yaoundé).
• Urban rivers are more polluted by pesticides than peri-urban rivers.
• Measured concentrations of the herbicide diuron reached 14 ± 3 μg/L in urban rivers.
• Measured concentrations of diuron represent a potential risk for aquatic organisms.
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Branchet, P., Cadot, E., Fenet, H. et al. Polar pesticide contamination of an urban and peri-urban tropical watershed affected by agricultural activities (Yaoundé, Center Region, Cameroon). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 17690–17715 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1798-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1798-4