Abstract
There is global concern about acid rain and other pollution which is caused by the consumption of oil. By decreasing sulfur content in the oil, we can reduce unwanted emissions and acid rain. Shale was used which is a solid waste generated in the pyrolysis of shale, impregnated with Zn as an adsorbent which removes sulfur present in fuels from the hexane/toluene model solution. An influence of the agitation time (60–180 min), temperature (25–35 °C), adsorbent mass (0.1–0.25 g), and initial sulfur concentration (100–250 ppm) factorial 24 with three central points totaling 19 experiments was applied to investigate the effect of the variables on the efficiency of sulfur removal in fuels. The values of the parameters tested for maximum sulfur removal were obtained as follows: contact time = 180 min, temperature = 35 °C, adsorbent mass = 0.25 g, and initial sulfur concentration = 100 ppm. The mathematical model proposed with R2 99.97% satisfied the experimental data. This may provide a theoretical basis for new research and alternative uses for tailings of schist industrialization in order to evaluate its potential.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad Y, Danish M, Rafatullah M, Arniza G, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Nasir M, Ibrahim M (2011) The use of date palm as a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1464–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0709-8
ANP (2016) Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. Qualidade. http://www.anp.gov.br/anexos/154D4048F327E20783257C510055D721/graficos_teor_de_enxofre.docx. Accessed 21 June 2017
Aslam S, Sbhan F, Yan Z, Etim UJ, Zeng J (2017) Dispersion of nickel nanoparticles in the cages of metal-organic framework: an efficient sorbent for adsorptive removal of thiophene. Chem Eng J 315:469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.047
ASTM D3172 (2013) Standard practice for proximate analysis of coal and coke, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. Accessed 01 July 2017
ASTM D3173 (2017) Standard test method for moisture in the analysis sample of coal and coke, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. Accessed 01 July 2017
ASTM D3174 (2012) Standard test method for ash in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. Accessed 01 July 2017
ASTM D3175 (2017) Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. Accessed 01 July 2017
Baeza P, Aguila G, Vargas G, Ojeda J, Araya P (2012) Adsorption of thiophene and dibenzothiophene on highly dispersed Cu/ZrO2 adsorbents. Appl Catal B Environ 111-112:133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.09.026
Behnamfard A, Salarirad MM (2009) Equilibrium and kinetic studies on free cyanide adsorption from aqueous solution by activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 170:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.124
Bhandari VM, Ko CH, Geun PJ, Han SS, Cho SH, Kim N (2006) Desulfurization of diesel using ion-exchanged zeolites. Chem Eng Sci 61:2599–2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.11.015
Bhatia S, Sharma DK (2012) Thermophilic desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and different petroleum oils by Klebsiella sp. 13T. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:491–3497
Blanco-Brieva G, Campos-Martim JM, Al-Zahrani SM, Fierro JLG (2011) Effectiveness of metal–organic frameworks for removal of refractory organo-sulfur compound present in liquid fuels. Fuel 90:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.08.008
Brunet S, Mey D, Péron G, Bouchy C, Diehl F (2005) On the hydrodesulfurization of FCC gasoline: a review. Appl Catal A Gen 278:143–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.10.012
Cavalcanti RM, Wanilson AGPJ, Braga VS, Barros ICL (2015) Adsorption of sulfur compound utilizing rice husk ash modified with niobium. Appl Surf Sci 355:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.129
Chen TC, Agripa ML, Lu MC, Dalila MLP (2016) Adsorption of sulfur compounds from diesel with ion-impregnated activated carbons. Energy Fuel 30:3870–3878. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00230
Danmaliki GI, Saleh TA (2017) Effects of bimetallic Ce/Fe nanoparticles on the desulfurization of thiophenes using activated carbon. Chem Eng J 307:914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.143
Dharaskar SA, Wasewar KL, Varma MN, Shende DZ, Tadi KK, Yoo CK (2014) Synthesis, characterization, and application of novel trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel. Fuel Process Technol 123:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.001
Dharaskar SA, Wasewar KL, Varma MN, Shende DZ (2016) Synthesis, characterization, and application of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:9284–9294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4945-1
Duarte FA, Mello PA, Bizzi CA, Nunes MAG, Moreira EM, Alencar MA, Motta HN, Dressler VL, Flores EMM (2011) Sulfur removal from hydrotreated petroleum fractions using ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process. Fuel 90:2158–2164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.030
Farooq S, Saeed A, Sharif M, Hussain J, Mabood F, Iftekhar M (2017) Process optimization studies of crystal violet dye adsorption onto novel, mixed metal Ni 0.5 Co 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrospinel nanoparticles using factorial design. J Water Process Eng 16:132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.01.001
Gao H, Guo C, Xing J, Zhao J, Liu H (2010) Extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel catalyzed by a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid at room temperature. Green Chem 12:1220–1224. https://doi.org/10.1039/c002108c
Gui J, Liu D, Sun Z, Liu D, Min D, Song B, Peng X (2010) Deep oxidative desulfurization with task-specific ionic liquids: an experimental and computational study. J Mol Catal A Chem 331:64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.08.003
He C, Men G, Xu B, Cui J, Zhao J (2016) Phenolic resin-derived activated carbon-supported divalent metal as efficient adsorbents (M–C, M=Zn, Ni, or Cu) for dibenzothiophene removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:782–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7795-6
Ho YS, Mckay G (1998) Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chem Eng J 70:115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0923-0467(98)00076-1
Iberahim N, Sethupathi S. Bashir, MJK (2017) Optimization of palm oil mill sludge biochar preparation for sulfur dioxide removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res. Springer Nature. 26: 1–13 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9180-5
Ibrahim RK, Hayyan M, AlSaadi MA, Hayyan A, Ibrahim S (2016) Environmental application of nanotechnology: air, soil, and water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:13754–13788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6457-z
James GS (2000) The desulfurization of heavy oils and residua, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Komarneni M, Kadossov E, Justin J, Lu M, Burghaus U (2010) Adsorption of thiophene on silica-supported Mo clusters. Surface Science 604 (13-14):1221–1229
Kwon JM, Moon JH, Bae YS, Lee DG, Sohn HC, Lee CH (2008) Adsorptive desulfurization and denitrogenation of refinery fuels using mesoporous silica adsorbents. Wiley-Blackwell. ChemSusChem 4:307–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200700011
Li Z, Barnes JC, Bosoy A, Stoddart JF, Zink JI (2012) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 41:2590–2605. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15246g
Li CJ, Li YJ, Wang JN, Zhao L, Cheng J (2013) Ag+-loaded polystyrene nanofibrous membranes preparation and their adsorption properties for thiophene. Chem Eng J 222:419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.107
Lü H, Deng C, Ren W, Yang X (2014) Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel using [(C4H9)4N]6Mo7O24 as a catalyst in ionic liquids. Fuel Process Technol 119:87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.023
Ma X, Velu S, Kim JH, Song C (2005) Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications. Appl Catal B Environ 56:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.08.013
Ma X, Zhou A, Song C (2007) A novel method for oxidative desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels based on catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen coupled with selective adsorption. Catal Today 123:276–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.02.036
McKay G (1996) Use of adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton
Meski S, Ziani S, Khireddine H, Boudboub S, Zaidi S (2011) Factorial design analysis for sorption of zinc on hydroxyapatite. J Hazard Mater 186:1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.087
Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM (2009) Response surface methodology—process and product optimization using designed experiments, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken
Nejad NF, Beigi AAM (2015) Efficient desulfurization of gasoline fuel using ionic liquid extraction as a complementary process to adsorptive desulfurization. Pet Sci 12:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-015-0020-2
Nuntang S, Prasassarakich P, Ngamcharussrivichai C (2008) Comparative study on adsorptive removal of thiophenic sulfurs over Y and USY zeolites. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:7405–7413. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie701785s
Oliveira MLM, Miranda AAL, Barbosa CMBM, Cavalcante CL Jr, Azevedo DCS, Rodriguez-Castellon E (2009) Adsorption of thiophene and toluene on NaY zeolites exchanged with Ag(I), Ni(II) and Zn(II). Fuel 88:1885–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.04.011
Oyama ST, Gott T, Zhao H, Lee YK (2009) Transition metal phosphide hydroprocessing catalysts: a review. Catal Today 143:94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.019
Peralta D, Chaplais G, Simon-Masseron A, Barthelet K, Pirgngruber GD (2012) Metal–organic framework materials for desulfurization by adsorption. Energy Fuel 26:4953–4960. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja211864w
Pimentel PM, Melo MAF, Melo DMA, Assunção ALC, Henrique DM, Silva Jr CN, González G (2008) Kinetics and thermodynamics of Cu(II) adsorption on oil shale wastes. Fuel Process Technol 89:62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.07.003
Pimentel PM, Oliveira RMPB, Melo DMA, Anjos MJ, Melo MAF, González G (2010) Characterization of retorted shale for use in heavy metal removal. Appl Clay Sci 48:375–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.01.009
Regti A, Laamari MR, Stiriba SE, El Haddad M (2017) Use of response factorial design for process optimization of basic dye adsorption onto activated carbon derived from Persea species. Microchem J 130:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2016.08.012
Roosta M, Ghaedi M, Shori N, Daneshfar A, Sahraei R, Asghari A (2014) Optimization of the combined ultrasonic assisted/adsorption method for the removal of malachite green by gold nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon: experimental design. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 118:55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.082
Sahoo RN, Naik PK, Das SC (2001) Leaching of manganese from low-grade manganese ore using oxalic acid as reductant in sulphuric acid solution. Hydrometallurgy 62:157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(01)00196-7
Shi Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Tian F, Jia C, Chen Y (2013) Effect of cyclohexene on thiophene adsorption over NaY and LaNaY zeolites. Fuel Process Technol 110:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.01.008
Shimoyama I, Baba Y (2016) Thiophene adsorption on phosphorus- and nitrogen-doped graphites: control of desulfurization properties of carbon materials by heteroatom doping. Carbon 98:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.094
Song C (2003) An overview of new approaches to deep desulfurization for ultra-clean gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel. Catal Today 86:211–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(03)00412-7
Srivastav A, Srivastava VC (2009) Adsorptive desulfurization by activated alumina. J Hazard Mater 170:1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.088
Stanislaus A, Marafi A, Rana MS (2010) Recent advances in the science and technology of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) production. Catal Today 153:1–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.05.011
Subhan F, Liu BS, Zhang QL, Wang WS (2012) Production of ultra-low-sulfur gasoline: an equilibrium and kinetic analysis on adsorption of sulfur compounds over Ni/MMS sorbents. J Hazard Mater 239-240:370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.012
Subhan F, Aslam S, Yan Z, Ikram M, Rehman S (2014) Enhanced desulfurization characteristics of Cu-KIT-6 for thiophene. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 199:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.08.018
Tang X-L, Shi L (2011) Study of the adsorption reactions of thiophene on Cu(I)/HY-Al2O3by Fourier transform infrared and temperature-programmed desorption: adsorption, desorption, and sorbent regeneration mechanisms. Langmuir 27:11999–12007. https://doi.org/10.1021/la2025654
Teymouri M, Samadi-Maybodi A, Vahid A, Miranbeigi A (2013) Adsorptive desulfurization of low sulfur diesel fuel using palladium containing mesoporous silica synthesized via a novel in-situ approach. Fuel Process Technol 116:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.07.009
Tian F, Shen Q, Fu Z, Wu Y, Jia C (2014) Enhanced adsorption desulfurization performance over hierarchically structured zeolite Y. Fuel Process Technol 128:176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.07.018
Tian F, Fu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Chen Y, Jia C (2015) Thiophene adsorption onto metal–organic framework HKUST-1 in the presence of toluene and cyclohexene. Fuel 158:200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.030
Topsøe H (2003) Developments in operando studies and in situ characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. J Catal 216:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00133-1
USEPA (2000) Regulatory announcement: heavy-duty engine and vehicle standards and highway fuel sulfur control requirements. www.archive.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel/web/pdf/exec-sum.pdf. Accessed 03 July 2017
Velu S, Song C, Engelhard MH, Chin YH (2005) Adsorptive removal of organic sulfur compounds from jet fuel over K-exchanged NiY zeolites prepared by impregnation and ion exchange. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:5740–5749. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0488492
Wang Y, Yang RT (2007) Desulfurization of liquid fuels by adsorption on carbon-based sorbents and ultrasound-assisted sorbent regeneration. Langmuir 23:3825–3831. https://doi.org/10.1021/la063364z
Wang H, Song L, Jian H, Xu J, Jin L, Zhang X, Sun Z (2009a) Effects of olefin on adsorptive desulfurization of gasoline over Ce(IV)Y zeolites. Fuel Process Technol 90:835–838. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie404362f
Wang Q, Liang X-y, Zhang R, Liu C-j, Liu X-j, Qiao W-m, Zhan L, Ling L-c (2009b) Preparation of polystyrene-based activated carbon spheres and their adsorption of dibenzothiophene. New Carbon Mater 24:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5805(08)60036-0
Wang L, Zhao X, Zhang J, Xiong Z (2017) Selective adsorption of Pb (II) over the zinc-based MOFs in aqueous solution-kinetics, isotherms, and the ion exchange mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:14198–14206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9002-9
Weber WJ, Morris JC (1963) Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div 89:31–60
Wei SHH, Cheng Y, Yang C, Zeng G, Qiu L (2016) Performances, kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic oxidative desulfurization from oils. RSC Adv 6:103253–103269. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22358c
Wei SHH, Cheng Y, Yang C, Zeng G, Kang L, Qian H, Zhu C (2017) Preparation, characterization, and catalytic performances of cobalt catalysts supported on KIT-6 silicas in oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene. Fuel 200:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.03.052
Wu L, Sitamraju S, Xiao J, Liu B, Li Z, Janik MJ, Song C (2014) Effect of liquid-phase O3 oxidation of activated carbon on the adsorption of thiophene. Chem Eng J 242:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.077
Xiao J, Wang X, Fujii M, Yang Q, Song C (2013) A novel approach for ultra-deep adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over TiO2-CeO2/MCM-48 under ambient conditions. AICHE J 59:1441–1445. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14085
Yu T, Cheng P, Huang E, Wang P, Tian H (2015a) First-principle investigation of thiophene adsorption on TM (Ni/Co/Mn)-doped (ZnO)15 nanotube. Comput Theor Chem 1057:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2015.01.008
Yu M, Zhang N, Fan L, Zhang C, Ele X, Zheng M, Li Z (2015b) Removal of organic sulfur compounds from diesel by adsorption on carbon materials. Rev Chem Eng 31:27–43. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2014-0017
Zhang S, Zhang Y, Huang E, Wang P, Tian H (2012) Mechanistic investigations on the adsorption of thiophene over Zn3NiO4 bimetallic oxide cluster. Appl Surf Sci 258:10148–10153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.06.096
Zhang J, Tian Y, Yin L, Zuo W, Gong Z, Zhang J (2017) Investigation on the removal of H2S from microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge by an integrated two-stage system. Environ Sci Pollut Res. Springer Nature 24:19920–19926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9637-6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Guilherme L. Dotto
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Lima, F.M., de Andrade Borges, T., Braga, R.M. et al. Sulfur removal from model fuel by Zn impregnated retorted shale and with assistance of design of experiments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 13760–13774 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1504-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1504-6