Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Method development for determination of migrated phthalate acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging into traditional Iranian drinking beverage (Doogh) samples: a novel approach of MSPE-GC/MS technique

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the current study, a novel magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) technique combined with a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was developed to determine the phthalate ester content of bottled Doogh samples. Doogh is a yogurt-based drinking beverage, which is frequently consumed in Middle East and Balkans. It is produced by stirring yogurt in Chern separation machine and consists of substances such as water, yogurt, and salt in addition to aqueous extracts of native herbs. The magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Fe3O4) were used as adsorbents of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) due to a superior adsorption capability of hydrophobic compounds. In this context, the quantity of the extractable migrated phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into Doogh samples was measured. The correlation between the concentration of migrated PAEs and some factors such as the type of Doogh (gaseous and without gas), difference in brand (five brands), volume (1500 and 300 mL), and the storage time also was investigated. The migration level into Doogh samples was increased by incorporating of gas as well as increasing the volume of PET bottles. Also, with elaborating of storage time, the migration of some phthalates such as DEHP (the mean from 2419.85 ng L−1 in the first week to 2716.15 ng L−1 in the second month), DEP, and total phthalate was increased. However, no significant difference in concentrations of migrated phthalate esters among different examined brands was noted. Finally, the concentration of migrated PAEs from bottle into all the examined Doogh samples was below the defined standards by EPA; 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water.

ᅟ

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DEHP:

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

BBP:

Butyl benzyl phthalate

DBP:

Dibutyl phthalate

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

DEP:

Diethyl phthalate

DMP:

Dimethyl phthalate

DNOP:

Di-N-octyl phthalate

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy

HPLC-VWD:

High performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector

MWCNT:

Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes

MWCNTs:

Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes

DLLME:

Method liquid-liquid microextraction

MSPE:

Magnetic solid phase extraction

PAEs:

Phthalate acid esters

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

References

  • Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Alsabbaheen A (2011) Phthalates residues in plastic bottled waters. J Toxicol Sci 36(4):469–478. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.36.469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amiridou D, Voutsa D (2011) Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled waters. J Hazard Mater 185(1):281–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azari A, Babaie A-A, Rezaei-Kalantary R, Esrafili A, Moazzen M, Kakavandi B (2014) Nitrate removal from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes magnetized with nano zero-valent iron. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 23(2):15–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Azari A, Gharibi H, Kakavandi B, Ghanizadeh G, Javid A, Mahvi AH, Sharafi K, Khosravia T (2017) Magnetic adsorption separation process: an alternative method of mercury extracting from aqueous solution using modified chitosan coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 92(1):188–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azarikia F, Abbasi S (2010) On the stabilization mechanism of Doogh (Iranian yoghurt drink) by gum tragacanth. Food Hydrocoll 24(4):358–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.11.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baghani AN, Mahvi AH, Rastkari N, Delikhoon M, Hosseini SS, Sheikhi R (2017) Synthesis and characterization of amino-functionalized magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4-NH2) for fluoride removal from aqueous solution. Desalin Water Treat 65:367–374. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batlle R, Nerı́n C (2004) Application of single-drop microextraction to the determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in food simulants. J Chromatogr A 1045(1–2):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai Y-Q, Jiang G-B, Liu J-F, Zhou Q-X (2003) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed cartridge for the solid-phase extraction of several phthalate esters from water samples and their determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 494(1):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao XL (2008) Determination of phthalates and adipate in bottled water by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1178 (1–2):231–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao XL (2010) Phthalate esters in foods: sources, occurrence, and analytical methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(1):21–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00093.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ML, Suo LL, Gao Q, Feng YQ (2011) Determination of eight illegal drugs in human urine by combination of magnetic solid-phase extraction with capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 32(16):2099–2106. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201100215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demirel B (2017) Optimisation of mould surface temperature and bottle residence time in mould for the carbonated soft drink PET containers. Polym Test 60:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.03.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang H, Wang J, Lynch RA (2017) Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) from polypropylene food containers. Food Control 73(Part B):1298–1302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farahani H, Ganjali MR, Dinarvand R, Norouzi P (2008) Screening method for phthalate esters in water using liquid-phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic microdrop combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 76(4):718–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.03.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farajzadeh MA, Mogaddam MRA (2012) Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method as a novel microextraction technique; application in extraction and preconcentration of phthalate esters in aqueous sample followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Anal Chim Acta 728:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farhoodi M, Emam-Djomeh Z, Ehsani MR, Oromiehie A (2008) Effect of environmental conditions on the migration of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from PET bottles into yogurt drinks: influence of time, temperature, and food simulant. Arab J Sci Eng 33(2):279–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fasano E, Bono-Blay F, Cirillo T, Montuori P, Lacorte S (2012) Migration of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from food packaging. Food Control 27(1):132–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster P (2006) Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int J Androl 29(1):140–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Q, Luo D, Bai M, Chen Z-W, Feng Y-Q (2011) Rapid determination of estrogens in milk samples based on magnetite nanoparticles/polypyrrole magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 59(16):8543–8549. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201372r

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerona R, Kero F, Vandell V, Yu M, Williams L (2014) A simple high-throughput SPE method to support the biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in human urine prior to LC-MS/MS

  • Gorji ME, Ahmadkhaniha R, Moazzen M, Yunesian M, Azari A, Rastkari N (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Iranian kebabs. Food Control 60:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannas BR, Lambright CS, Furr J, Howdeshell KL, Wilson VS, Gray LE (2011) Dose-response assessment of fetal testosterone production and gene expression levels in rat testes following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate. Toxicol Sci 123:206–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holadová K, Prokůpková G, Hajšlová J, Poustka J (2007) Headspace solid-phase microextraction of phthalic acid esters from vegetable oil employing solvent based matrix modification. Anal Chim Acta 582(1):24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howdeshell KL, Wilson VS, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Blystone CR, Hotchkiss AK, Gray LE (2008) A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the Sprague-Dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Toxicol Sci 105(1):153–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn077

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber M, Franz R (1997) Studies on contamination of post consumer plastics from controlled resources for recycling into food packaging applications. Dtsch Lebensmitt-Rundsch 93(10):328–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeddi MZ, Ahmadkhaniha R, Yunesian M, Rastkari N (2015a) Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on modified magnetic nanoparticles for the determination of phthalate diesters in water samples. J Chromatogr Sci 53(2):385–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmu058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeddi MZ, Rastkari N, Ahmadkhaniha R, Yunesian M (2015b) Concentrations of phthalates in bottled water under common storage conditions: do they pose a health risk to children? Food Res Int 69:256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang T-F, Liang T-T, Yue M-E, Wang Y-H, Lv Z-H (2016) Surfactant-free microemulsion reinforced hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for detection of phthalic acid esters in beverage and urine. Food Anal Methods 9(1):7–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0145-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khosravi K, Price GW (2015) Determination of phthalates in soils and biosolids using accelerated solvent extraction coupled with SPE cleanup and GC–MS quantification. Microchem J 121:205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.03.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kouhpayeh A, Moazzen M, Jahed Khaniki GR, Dobaradaran S, Shariatifar N, Ahmadloo M, Azari A, Nazmara S, Kiani A, Salari M (2017) Extraction and determination of phthalate esters (PAEs) in Doogh. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 26(145):257–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Kueseng P, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P (2007) Trace phthalate and adipate esters contaminated in packaged food. J Environ Sci Health B 42(5):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230701389488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaFleur AD, Schug KA (2011) A review of separation methods for the determination of estrogens and plastics-derived estrogen mimics from aqueous systems. Anal Chim Acta 696(1):6–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Xu Y (2004) Determination of phthalate acid esters plasticizers in plastic by ultrasonic solvent extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction using calix [4] arene fiber. Talanta 63(4):1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Cai Y, Shi Y, Mou S, Jiang G (2008) Analysis of phthalates via HPLC-UV in environmental water samples after concentration by solid-phase extraction using ionic liquid mixed hemimicelles. Talanta 74(4):498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.06.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang P, Xu J, Li Q (2008) Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 609(1):53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zhang Y (2016) Characterizing the equilibrium relationship between DEHP in PVC flooring and air using a closed-chamber SPME method. Build Environ 95:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Sun Z, Chen G, Zhang W, Cai Y, Kong R, Wang X, Suo Y, You J (2015) Determination of phthalate esters in environmental water by magnetic Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1409:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y-B, Yu Q-W, Yuan B-F, Feng Y-Q (2012) Fast microextraction of phthalate acid esters from beverage, environmental water and perfume samples by magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Talanta 90:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng J, Bu J, Deng C, Zhang X (2011) Preparation of polypyrrole-coated magnetic particles for micro solid-phase extraction of phthalates in water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 1218(12):1585–1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moazzen M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Gorji ME, Yunesian M, Rastkari N (2013) Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat samples. Talanta 115:957–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moazzen M, Rastkari N, Alimohammadi M, Shariatifar N, Ahmadkhaniha R, Nazmara S (2014) Assessment of phthalate esters in a variety of carbonated beverages bottled in PET. J Environ Health Eng 2(1):7–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira MA, André LC, de Lourdes Cardeal Z (2015) Analysis of plasticiser migration to meat roasted in plastic bags by SPME–GC/MS. Food Chem 178:195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortazavian A, Azizi A, Ehsani M, Razavi S, Mousavi S, Sohrabvandi S, Reinheimer J (2008) Survival of encapsulated probiotic bacteria in Iranian yogurt drink (Doogh) after the product exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Milchwissenschaft 63(4):427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi Khaneghah A, Shoeibi S, Ameri M (2012) Effects of storage conditions and PET packaging on quality of edible oils in Iran. Adv Environ Biol 6(2):694–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi Khaneghah A, Limbo S, Shoeib S, Mazinani S (2014) HPLC study of migration of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid from PET bottles into edible oils. J Sci Food Agric 94(11):2205–2209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi Khaneghah A, Shoeibi S, Limbo S, Hosseini H, Akbarirad H (2015) Study of the effect of fatty acids profile on overall migration from PET into different types of oil. Int Food Res J 22(5):1888–1895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muncke J (2009) Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: is packaging a relevant source? Sci Total Environ 407(16):4549–4559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Net S, Delmont A, Sempéré R, Paluselli A, Ouddane B (2015) Reliable quantification of phthalates in environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil): a review. Sci Total Environ 515:162–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson L, Lyck S, Tamime A (2006) Production of drinking products. Vol. 5. Chapter

  • Parsaeimehr M, Misaghi A, Akhondzade A, Jebelli Javan A, Taheri M, Shariatifar N (2014) The effect of Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from yoghurt on the growth and production of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. J Payavard Salamat 8(3):188–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway K, Lalljie SP, Smith RM (2007) Sample preparation techniques for the determination of trace residues and contaminants in foods. J Chromatogr A 1153(1):36–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostamia I, Mahvib AH, Dehghanib MH, Baghania AN, Marandid R (2017) Application of nano aluminum oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube in fluoride removal. Desalination 1:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyanarayana S (2014) Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environ Health 13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharman M, Read WA, Castle L, Gilbert J (1994) Levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese. Food Addit Contam 11(3):375–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039409374236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun M, Tang R, Wu Q, Wang C, Wang Z (2013) Graphene reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phthalates in water, juice and milk samples by HPLC. Anal Methods 5(20):5694–5700. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40966j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Huang S, Wang P, Yang Y (2016) Method development for the analysis of phthalate esters in tea beverages by ionic liquid hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatographic detection. Food Control 67(Supplement C):278–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Deng X, Fang E, Zheng X, Zhou Y, Lin L, Chen L, Wu M, Huang Z (2014) Determination of 23 phthalic acid esters in food by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1324:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Li Y, Wu X, Ren L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun C (2017) Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for successive single-surface migration study of phthalate esters from polythene film. Food Control 73(Part B):1134–1143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Fan Z (2016) Magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of Allura Red in food and beverage samples. Food Addit Contam: Part A 33(10):1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1231937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Niu H, Cai Y, Shi Y (2010) Barium alginate caged Fe 3 O 4@ C 18 magnetic nanoparticles for the pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters from environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 665(2):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Chen X, Jiang X (2011) Determination of phthalate esters in water samples by ionic liquid cold-induced aggregation dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 689(1):137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Wan L-H, Bai X-L, Liu Y-M, Zhang F-P, Liu Y-M, Liao X (2017) Quantification of mycotoxins in vegetable oil by UPLC-MS/MS after magnetic solid-phase extraction. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 34(7):1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1319074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This article is part of a project funded by the Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences under Grant (number # 94080) and at this moment, authors are grateful for its financial support. Also, Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council for their cooperation in this study is greatly appreciated. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah likes to thank the support of CNPq-TWAS Postgraduate Fellowship under Grant (number # 3240274290).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Amin Kiani

  2. Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

    Mahsa Ahmadloo & Peyman Ghajarbeygi

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nabi Shariatifar, Mojtaba Moazzen & GholamReza Jahed Khaniki

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Abbas Norouzian Baghani

  5. Department of English Language, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Ali Taghinezhad

  6. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Amin Kouhpayeh

  7. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato, 80. Caixa Postal: 6121, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-862, Brazil

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

Authors
  1. Amin Kiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahsa Ahmadloo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nabi Shariatifar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mojtaba Moazzen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abbas Norouzian Baghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. GholamReza Jahed Khaniki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ali Taghinezhad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Amin Kouhpayeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Peyman Ghajarbeygi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Amin Kouhpayeh or Amin Mousavi Khaneghah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Ester Heath

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(JPEG 195 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kiani, A., Ahmadloo, M., Shariatifar, N. et al. Method development for determination of migrated phthalate acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging into traditional Iranian drinking beverage (Doogh) samples: a novel approach of MSPE-GC/MS technique. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 12728–12738 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1471-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1471-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation